Ortwin Guhling

Publications (4)12.13 Total impact

• Article: Two oxidosqualene cyclases responsible for biosynthesis of tomato fruit cuticular triterpenoids.

  Zhonghua Wang, Ortwin Guhling, Ruonan Yao, Fengling Li, Trevor H Yeats, Jocelyn K C Rose, Reinhard Jetter
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  ABSTRACT: The first committed step in triterpenoid biosynthesis is the cyclization of epoxysqualene into various triterpene alcohol isomers, a reaction catalyzed by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). The different OSCs have characteristic product specificities, which are mainly due to differences in the numbers of high-energy intermediates the enzymes can stabilize. The goal of this investigation was to clone and characterize OSCs from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a species known to accumulate δ-amyrin in its fruit cuticular wax, in order to gain insights into the enzymatic formation of this particular triterpenoid. We used a homology-based approach to isolate two tomato OSCs and tested their biochemical properties by heterologous expression in yeast as well as overexpression in tomato. One of the enzymes was found to be a product-specific β-amyrin synthase, while the other one was a multifunctional OSC synthesizing 48% δ-amyrin and six other products. The product spectra of both OSCs together account for both the range and the relative amounts of the triterpenoids found in the fruit cuticle. Both enzymes were expressed exclusively in the epidermis of the tomato fruit, indicating that their major function is to form the cuticular triterpenoids. The relative expression levels of both OSC genes, determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were consistent with product profiles in fruit and leaves of the tomato cultivar MicroTom. However, the transcript ratios were only partially consistent with the differences in amounts of product triterpenoids between the tomato cultivars MicroTom, M82, and Ailsa Craig; thus, transcriptional control of the two OSCs alone cannot explain the fruit triterpenoid profiles of the cultivars.
  Plant physiology 11/2010; 155(1):540-52. · 6.53 Impact Factor
• Article: Cloning and characterization of a lupeol synthase involved in the synthesis of epicuticular wax crystals on stem and hypocotyl surfaces of Ricinus communis.

  Ortwin Guhling, Barbara Hobl, Trevor Yeats, Reinhard Jetter
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  ABSTRACT: Pentacyclic triterpenoids are a large group of secondary metabolites found in many different plant species, either as glycoside conjugates or as aglycones. The latter in many cases accumulate to high amounts in the cuticular wax and hence at the surface of plant organs. In the present work, the cuticle-specific formation of triterpenoids was investigated in Ricinus communis stems, combining analytical and molecular genetic methods. Two phenotypes of castor bean could be distinguished based on the glaucous or glossy appearance of the surfaces of all stem portions including the hypocotyls, and were due to the presence or absence of thread-shaped epicuticular wax crystals, respectively. Comparative studies showed that these crystals are formed by the triperpenoid lupeol, present in high amounts on all stem surfaces. On the hypocotyl portion of stems, lupeol was found to accumulate rapidly during early development of the surface (10-15 days after emergence). Mature hypocotyls of glossy individuals were covered with 12.5 microg/cm2 of wax containing approximately 1% of lupeol, whereas the glaucous phenotype had a wax load of 51.9 microg/cm2 with 56% of lupeol. Two oxidosqualene cyclases from castor bean were cloned, functionally expressed in yeast, and characterized as a cycloartenol synthase (RcCAS) and a lupeol synthase (RcLUS). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that RcLUS is similar to two clades of known lupeol synthases, but also exhibits some similarities with beta-amyrin synthases. Both the organ-specific expression of RcLUS and the expression pattern during hypocotyl development exactly matched the accumulation of cuticular lupeol in castor bean. In contrast, RcCAS was constitutively expressed in all organs at various times. We conclude that the RcLUS enzyme is responsible for formation of the cuticular lupeol, and thus for the characteristic surface properties of R. communis stems.
  Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 05/2006; 448(1-2):60-72. · 2.93 Impact Factor
• Article: Surface composition of myrmecophilic plants: cuticular wax and glandular trichomes on leaves of Macaranga tanarius.

  Ortwin Guhling, Christian Kinzler, Michael Dreyer, Gerhard Bringmann, Reinhard Jetter
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  ABSTRACT: Primary plant surfaces, covered with cuticles consisting of cutin and waxes, are important substrates for interaction with insects. The composition of leaf surfaces of the myrmecophilic plant Macaranga tanarius was studied. The prenylated flavanone nymphaeol-C was identified in surface extracts and was localized exclusively in glandular trichomes on the abaxial leaf side. The epidermal pavement cells surrounding these trichomes were covered with a smooth film of epicuticular wax from which few small wax crystals protruded. The epicuticular wax amounted to approximately 8 microg cm(-2), corresponding to 85% of the wax load on the adaxial as well as the abaxial leaf sides. The epicuticular wax mixtures from both leaf surfaces contained more than 70% primary alcohols, 14% fatty acids, 2% aldehydes, and traces of alkyl acetates, with chain lengths ranging from C(20) to C(38). In contrast, the intracuticular wax layer was largely dominated by triterpenoid alcohols alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, and lupeol. Consequently, these characteristic compounds are not available for direct contact with insects on the plant surface.
  Journal of Chemical Ecology 11/2005; 31(10):2323-41. · 2.66 Impact Factor
• Article: Biosynthese kutikulärer Triterpenoide : Klonierung und Charakterisierung von Epoxysqualenzyklasen aus Ricinus communis und Lycopersicon esculentum

  Ortwin Guhling
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  ABSTRACT: Triterpene finden sich in großer struktureller Vielfalt als Sekundärmetabolite in Form von glycosylierten Verbindungen, aber auch als Aglykone, in zahlreichen Pflanzen. In einigen Arten akkumulieren Triterpene in großen Mengen als kutikuläre Wachsbestandteile im primären Abschlussgewebe und beeinflussen auf diese Weise die Grenzflächeneigenschaften der oberirdischen Pflanzenorgane. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die kutikulaspezifische Biosynthese von Triterpenen durch die Kombination molekulargenetischer und analytischer Methoden exemplarisch an Ricinus communis eingehend untersucht. Die Rizinus-Pflanze tritt in zwei Sprossachsenphänotypen in Erscheinung: Der Glossy-Phänotyp ist frei von epikutikulären Wachskristallen, wohingegen die Sprossachsen von Individuen des Glaucous-Phänotyps von fadenförmigen epikutikulären Wachskristallen bedeckt sind. Eine vergleichende chemische Analyse zeigte, dass 67 Tage alte Hypokotyle der Individuen des Glossy-Phänotyps mit etwa 12,5 µg/cm^2 kutikulärem Wachs bedeckt sind, die Zusammensetzung des kutikulären Wachsgemisches wird von VLC-aliphatischen Verbindungen dominiert. Hypokotyle der Individuen vom Glaucous-Phänotyp weisen mit 51,9 µg/cm^2 dagegen eine weit höhere Wachsbelegung auf, wobei das Wachsgemisch von Triterpen-Verbindungen, vor allem durch die Hauptkomponente Lupeol mit 56% der Gesamtwachsmenge dominiert wird. Um die Akkumulation von Lupeol im Laufe der frühen Sprossachsenentwicklung des Glaucous-Phänotyps zu dokumentieren, wurden entsprechende wachsanalytische Beprobungen an Hypokotylen durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass Lupeol bereits in einer frühen Entwicklungsphase mit hohen Raten in die Kutikula eingelagert wird: zwischen Tag 6 und Tag 25 nach der Keimung der Pflanzen nimmt die Lupeolwachsbelegung mit einer Rate von 1,2 µg cm^2 und Tag zu; dies entspricht einer täglichen Lupeol-Zunahme von 0,013 ng/Zelle zwischen Tag 11 und Tag 18. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen belegten, dass die Lupeolakkumulation von einer starken Zunahme der fadenförmigen Wachskristalle in der frühen Hypokotylentwicklung begleitet wird. Vor dem Hintergrund der wachsanalytischen und mikromorphologischen Daten war es von zentraler Bedeutung, die für die Biosynthese des kutikulären Lupeols verantwortliche Triterpensynthase zu klonieren. Mit Hilfe des entwickelten Primerdesigns zur homologiebasierten Klonierung pflanzlicher 2,3-Oxidosqualenzyklasen wurden zwei Epoxysqualenzyklasen aus Ricinus communis kloniert und durch heterologe Expression in der Lanosterolsynthase-defizienten Hefemutante GIL 77 jeweils als Cycloartenolsynthase (RcCAS1) und monofunktionale Lupeolsynthase (RcLUS1) charakterisiert. Die auf den Glaucous-Phänotyp beschränkte sprossachsenspezifische Expression und die hohe Expressionsrate von RcLUS1 in der frühen Entwicklungsphase mit einem Peak an Tag 12 nach der Keimung stimmte exakt mit der zeitlichen Akkumulation von Lupeol in der Sprossachsenkutikula bei Individuen des Glaucous-Phänotyps überein. Damit handelt es sich bei RcLUS1 um die erste charakterisierte Triterpensynthase, die für die Bildung kutikulärer Triterpene verantwortlich gemacht werden kann. Die Untersuchungen an R. communis zeigen, dass die Biosynthese von kutikulären Triterpenen über die enzymatisch gesteuerte Zyklisierung von 2,3-Oxidosqualen bewerkstelligt wird. Offensichtlich spielt eine Transkriptionsregulation auf der Ebene der jeweiligen Triterpensynthase dabei eine zentrale Rolle. Phylogenetische Vergleiche zeigten, dass RcLUS1 nur relativ geringe Sequenzähnlichkeiten zu den bisher charakterisierten Lupeolsynthasen aufzeigt und somit als Vertreter einer bisher nicht beschriebenen Klasse pflanzlicher Triterpensynthasen angesprochen werden muss. Durch gerichtete Mutagenisierung wurde die RcLUS1-Mutante F257W hergestellt und funktionell charakterisiert. Das Produktspektrum der mutagenisierten Lupeolsynthase verschob sich von Lupeol nach β-Amyrin und bestätigte damit die Bedeutung des dem Phenylalanin in Amyrinsynthasen korrespondierenden Tryptophans für die katalytische Funktionalität dieser Enzyme. Mit der Klonierung der Triterpensynthasen LeTTS1 und LeTTS2 aus Lycopersicon esculentum wurde der erste wichtige Schritt für ein tieferes Verständnis der Biosynthese kutikulärer Triterpene in dieser Pflanze getan. LeTTS1 konnte als β-Amyrinsynthase charakterisiert werden. Im Gegensatz zur Stammkutikula des Glaucous-Phänotyps von Ricinus communis werden in die Fruchtkutikula von Tomate nicht nur ein, sondern mit α-, β- und δ-Amyrin gleich drei Triterpene in größeren Mengen eingelagert. Der Nachweis einer tatsächlichen Relevanz der klonierten OSCs für die Biosynthese dieser kutikulären Triterpene muss durch Untersuchungen zur Expression dieser Gene erbracht werden. Triterpenoids are a large group of secondary metabolites found in different plant species, either as glycoside conjugates or as aglycones. The latter in many cases accumulate to high amounts in the cuticular wax and hence the primary surface of above-ground plant organs, influencing their surface properties. In the present work, the cuticle-specific formation of triterpenoids was investigated in Ricinus communis stems, combining analytical and molecular genetic methods. Two phenotypes of castor bean could be distinguished based on the appearance of the surface of all stem portions including the hypocotyls: The stems of the glossy phenotype are devoid of wax crystals. In contrast, the stems of the glaucous phenotype are covered by a layer of thread-like epicuticular wax crystals. Comparative studies by GC-FID analysis revealed that the cuticles of 67-day old hypocotyls of the glossy and the glaucous phenotypes contained 12.5 and 51.9 µg/cm^2, respectively. The wax mixture of the glossy phenotype was dominated by VLC aliphatic compounds. In the cuticular wax of the glaucous phenotype, VLC aliphatics were found in similar absolute amounts as in the glossy phenotype, whereas the triterpene loads were significantly higher. Here, the wax mixture was dominated by lupeol, making it the single most abundant component (56% of the total wax). To monitor the accumulation of cuticular lupeol during ontogenesis, the chemical composition of the wax mixture was studied at different stages of hypocotyl growth. In these investigations, lupeol was found to accumulate rapidly during early development at the surface of glaucous hypocotyls: between day 6 and day 25 the lupeol load increased by a daily rate of 1.2 µg/cm^2. During the period of highest lupeol increase from day 11 to day 18, a daily rate of 0.013 ng/cell could be calculated. Within that early time period a sharp increase in the number of epicuticular wax crystals on the surface of glaucous hypocotyls was observed by SEM. Based on the cuticular wax analyses of both stem phenotypes, it was hypothesized that a triterpene synthase should exist in castor bean responsible for the biosynthesis of cuticular lupeol in the glaucous phenotype. In a homology-based cloning approach two epoxysqualene cyclases were cloned from R. communis, functionally expressed in the yeast strain GIL 77 and characterized as a cycloartenol synthase (RcCAS1) and a lupeol synthase (RcLUS1). Both the organ-specific expression of RcLUS1 (with an expression exclusively in stems of the glaucous phenotype) and the expression pattern during hypocotyl development (with a peak at day 12) exactly matched the accumulation of cuticular lupeol in the plant. From the strong correlation of the organ specific and time dependent accumulation of lupeol in the cuticle of glaucous hypocotyls on the one hand, and the expression patterns of the RcLUS1 gene on the other, it can be concluded that the lupeol synthase RcLUS1 from castor bean is the central enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of cuticular lupeol. This is the first report on a cuticle-relevant triterpene synthase. Based on the studies on castor bean, it can be concluded that the biosynthesis of cuticular triterpenoids is accomplished by enzymatic cyclisation of the substrate 2,3-oxidosqualene and obviously controlled by a transcription regulation of the corresponding epoxysqualene cyclase. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that RcLUS1 exhibits only weak sequence similarities to the two clades of so far known lupeol synthases and was thus interpreted as a first member of a new class of lupeol synthases in higher plants. The RcLUS1 mutant F257W was created by a site-directed mutagenesis approach and the mutated enzyme was functionally characterized in yeast. The mutation resulted in an altered product pattern, switching from lupeol to β-amyrin, thus confirming the importance of the corresponding Trp in amyrin synthases for the catalytical function of these enzymes. Besides Ricinus communis, Lycopersicon esculentum was chosen as a model plant to study the biosynthesis of cuticular triterpenes. The implementation of the homology-based primer design and cloning strategy developed for castor bean led to the successful cloning of two triterpene synthases from L. esculentum. One of these enzymes, LeTTS1, was characterized as a monofunctional β-amyrin synthase. In contrast to the glaucous stems of R. communis, with α-, β- and δ-amyrin, more then one single triterpene compound accumulates to high amounts in the tomato fruit cuticle. The evidence of the cuticle-relevance of the cloned epoxysqualene cyclases LeTTS1 and LeTTS2 has to be proven in accompanying experiments by determination of the expression patterns of these genes.