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S. Aoki,
G. Barr,
M. Batkiewicz,
J. Błocki,
J. D. Brinson,
W. Coleman,
A. Daιbrowska,
I. Danko,
M. Dziewiecki,
B. Ellison, [......],
M. Szeptycka,
M. Thorpe,
T. Waιchała,
D. Warner,
A. Weber,
T. Yano,
N. Yershov,
A. Zalewska,
K. Zaremba,
M. Ziembicki
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The T2K experiment is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment aiming
to observe the appearance of {\nu} e in a {\nu}{\mu} beam. The {\nu}{\mu} beam
is produced at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), observed
with the 295 km distant Super- Kamiokande Detector and monitored by a suite of
near detectors at 280m from the proton target. The near detectors include a
magnetized off-axis detector (ND280) which measures the un-oscillated neutrino
flux and neutrino cross sections. The present paper describes the outermost
component of ND280 which is a side muon range detector (SMRD) composed of
scintillation counters with embedded wavelength shifting fibers and Multi-Pixel
Photon Counter read-out. The components, performance and response of the SMRD
are presented.
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A. 01/2013; 698:135-146.
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D. Abbaneo,
G. Abbiendi,
M. Abbrescia,
S. Abdullin,
A. Abdulsalam,
B.S. Acharya,
D. Acosta,
J.G. Acosta,
A. Adair,
W. Adam, [......],
M.H. Zoeller,
O. Zorba,
P. Zotto,
W. Zou,
G. Zumerle,
M. Zupan,
A. Zuranski,
R. Zuyeuski,
M. Zvada,
P. Zych
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The Higgs boson was postulated nearly five decades ago within the framework of the standard model of particle physics and
has been the subject of numerous searches at accelerators around the world. Its discovery would verify the existence of a
complex scalar field thought to give mass to three of the carriers of the electroweak force—the W+, W–, and Z0 bosons—as well as to the fundamental quarks and leptons. The CMS Collaboration has observed, with a statistical significance
of five standard deviations, a new particle produced in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The
evidence is strongest in the diphoton and four-lepton (electrons and/or muons) final states, which provide the best mass resolution
in the CMS detector. The probability of the observed signal being due to a random fluctuation of the background is about 1
in 3 × 106. The new particle is a boson with spin not equal to 1 and has a mass of about 1.25 giga–electron volts. Although its measured
properties are, within the uncertainties of the present data, consistent with those expected of the Higgs boson, more data
are needed to elucidate the precise nature of the new particle.
Science 12/2012; 338(6114):1569-1575. · 31.20 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We provide an optimal algorithm for the problem of augmenting an outerplanar graph G by adding a minimum number of edges in such a way that the augmented graph G′ is outerplanar and 2-connected. We also solve optimally the same problem when instead we require G′ to be 2-edge-connected.
Algorithmica 04/2012; 56(2):160-179. · 0.60 Impact Factor
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CMS Collaboration,
V. Khachatryan,
A. M. Sirunyan,
A. Tumasyan,
W. Adam,
T. Bergauer,
M. Dragicevic,
J. Erö,
M. Friedl,
R. Frühwirth, [......],
C. Lazaridis,
J. Leonard,
D. Lomidze,
R. Loveless,
A. Mohapatra,
D. Reeder,
A. Savin,
W. H. Smith,
J. Swanson,
M. Weinberg
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Measurements of inclusive charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions are presented for proton-proton
collisions at Ös = 0.9\sqrt{s} = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the LHC commissioning in December 2009. For non-single-diffractive
interactions, the average charged-hadron transverse momentum is measured to be 0.46 ± 0.01 (stat.) ± 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 0.9 TeV and 0.50 ± 0.01 (stat.) ± 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 2.36 TeV, for pseudorapidities between --2.4 and +2.4. At these energies, the measured pseudorapidity densities in the
central region, dN
ch/dη||η|<0.5, are 3:48 ± 0:02 (stat.) ± 0.13 (syst.) and 4:47 ± 0:04 (stat.) ± 0.16 (syst.), respectively. The results at 0.9 TeV
are in agreement with previous measurements and confirm the expectation of near equal hadron production in [`(p)] p \overline p p and pp collisions. The results at 2.36 TeV represent the highest-energy measurements at a particle collider to date.
KeywordsHadron-Hadron Scattering
Journal of High Energy Physics 04/2012; 2010(2):1-35. · 5.83 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The TDCpix ASIC is the readout chip for the Gigatracker station of the NA62 experiment. Each station of the Gigatracker needs to provide time stamping of individual particles to \mbox{200 ps-rms} or better. Bump-bonded to the pixel sensor the ASIC serves an array of 40 columns x 40 pixels. The high precision time measurement of the discriminated hit signals is accomplished with a set of 40 TDCs sitting in the End-Of-Column region of the ASIC. Each TDC provides 9 channels per column. For the time-to-digital converter (TDC) a delay-locked-loop (DLL) approach is employed to achieve a constant time binning of 100 ps. Simulation results show that an average rms time resolution of 33 ps with a power consumption of the TDC better than 33 mW per column is achieved. This contribution will present the design, simulation results and implementation challenges of the TDC.
Journal of Instrumentation 01/2012; 7(01):C01065. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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M Noy,
G Aglieri Rinella,
A Cotta Ramusino,
M Fiorini,
P Jarron,
J Kaplon,
A Kluge,
E Martin,
M Morel,
L Perktold,
K Poltorak,
P Riedler
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The architecture and characterisation of the NA62 GigaTracker End of Column Demonstrator Hybrid Pixel Detector (HPD) are presented. This detector must perform time stamping to 200 ps (RMS) or better, provide 300 μm pitch position information and operate with a dead time of 1% or less for 800 MHz−1 GHz beam rate. The demonstrator HPD Assembly comprises a readout chip with a test column of 45 pixels, alongside other test structures, bump bonded to a p-in-n detector 200 μm in thickness. Validation of the performance of the HPD and the time-over-threshold timewalk compensation mechanism with both beam particles and a high precision laser system was performed and is presented. Confirmation of better than the required time stamping precision has been demonstrated and subsequent work on the design of the full-scale ASIC, dubbed TDCPix, is underway. An overview of the TDCPix architecure is given.
Journal of Instrumentation 11/2011; 6(11):C11025. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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K Abe,
N Abgrall,
Y Ajima,
H Aihara,
J B Albert,
C Andreopoulos,
B Andrieu,
S Aoki,
O Araoka,
J Argyriades, [......],
N Yershov,
M Yokoyama,
A Zalewska,
J Zalipska,
L Zambelli,
K Zaremba,
M Ziembicki,
E D Zimmerman,
M Zito,
J Żmuda
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The T2K experiment observes indications of ν(μ) → ν(e) appearance in data accumulated with 1.43×10(20) protons on target. Six events pass all selection criteria at the far detector. In a three-flavor neutrino oscillation scenario with |Δm(23)(2)| = 2.4×10(-3) eV(2), sin(2)2θ(23) = 1 and sin(2)2θ(13) = 0, the expected number of such events is 1.5±0.3(syst). Under this hypothesis, the probability to observe six or more candidate events is 7×10(-3), equivalent to 2.5σ significance. At 90% C.L., the data are consistent with 0.03(0.04) < sin(2)2θ(13) < 0.28(0.34) for δ(CP) = 0 and a normal (inverted) hierarchy.
Physical Review Letters 07/2011; 107(4):041801. · 7.37 Impact Factor
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Collaboration,
N. Abgrall,
H. Aihara,
Y. Ajima,
J. B. Albert,
D. Allan,
P. -A. Amaudruz,
C. Andreopoulos,
B. Andrieu,
M. D. Anerella, [......],
S. Yen,
N. Yershov,
M. Yokoyama,
A. Zalewska,
J. Zalipska,
K. Zaremba,
M. Ziembicki,
E. D. Zimmerman,
M. Zito,
J. Zmuda
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The T2K experiment is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. Its
main goal is to measure the last unknown lepton sector mixing angle
{\theta}_{13} by observing {\nu}_e appearance in a {\nu}_{\mu} beam. It also
aims to make a precision measurement of the known oscillation parameters,
{\Delta}m^{2}_{23} and sin^{2} 2{\theta}_{23}, via {\nu}_{\mu} disappearance
studies. Other goals of the experiment include various neutrino cross section
measurements and sterile neutrino searches. The experiment uses an intense
proton beam generated by the J-PARC accelerator in Tokai, Japan, and is
composed of a neutrino beamline, a near detector complex (ND280), and a far
detector (Super-Kamiokande) located 295 km away from J-PARC. This paper
provides a comprehensive review of the instrumentation aspect of the T2K
experiment and a summary of the vital information for each subsystem.
06/2011;
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J. A. Ballin,
R. Coath,
J. P. Crooks,
P D Dauncey,
A-M Magnan,
Y Mikami,
O. D. Miller, M. Noy,
V. Rajovic,
M Stanitzki,
K. D. Stefanov,
R Turchetta,
M Tyndel,
E.G. Villani,
N K Watson,
J A Wilson,
Z Zhang
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We present a study of a CMOS test sensor which has been designed, fabricated
and characterised to investigate the parameters required for a binary readout
electromagnetic calorimeter. The sensors were fabricated with several
enhancements in addition to standard CMOS processing. Detailed simulations and
experimental results of the performance of the sensor are presented. The sensor
and pixels are shown to behave in accordance with expectations and the
processing enhancements are found to be essential to achieve the performance
required.
03/2011;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The architecture and characterisation of the End Of Column demonstrator readout ASIC for the NA62 GigaTracker hybrid pixel detector is presented. This ASIC serves as a proof of principle for a pixel chip with 1800 pixels which must perform time stamping to better than 200 ps (RMS), provide 300 μm pitch position information and operate with a dead-time of 1% or less for 800 MHz-1 GHz beam rate. The demonstrator ASIC comprises a full test column with 45 pixels alongside other test structures. The timewalk correction mechanism employed is measurement of the time-over-threshold, coupled with an off-detector look-up table. The time to digital converter is a delay locked loop with 32 contributing delay cells fed with a 320 MHz to yield a nominal bin size of 97 ps. Recently, P-in-N sensors have been bump-bonded to the ASIC and characterisation of these assemblies has begun.
Journal of Instrumentation 01/2011; 6(01):C01086. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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M Morel,
A Kluge,
G Aglieri Rinella,
V Carassiti,
A Ceccucci,
J Daguin,
M Fiorini,
P Jarron,
J Kaplon,
A Mapelli,
F Marchetto, M Noy,
G Nuessle,
L Perktold,
P Petagna,
P Riedler
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The NA62 GigaTracker is a low mass time tagging hybrid pixel detector operating in a beam with a particle rate of 750 MHz. It consists of three stations with a sensor size of 60 × 27mm2 containing 18000 pixels, each 300 × 300μm2. The active area is connected to a matrix of 2 × 5 pixel ASICs, which time tag the arrival of the particles with a binning of 100 ps. The detector operates in vacuum at -20 to 0°C and the material budget per station must be below 0.5% X0. Due to the high radiation environment of 2 × 1014 1 MeV neutron equivalent cm−2/yr−1 it is planned to exchange the detector modules regularly. The low material budget, cooling requirements and the request for easy module access has driven the electro-mechanical integration of the GigaTracker, which is presented in this paper.
Journal of Instrumentation 12/2010; 5(12):C12023. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We present a 16 channel front end prototype implemented in 90nm CMOS IBM process and optimized for 5pF input capacitance. The primary motivation for this project is to study the usefulness of the CMOS technologies below 130nm for front end amplifiers optimized for short strip silicon detectors in Super Large Hadron Collider (SLHC) experiments [1]. In the presented design we show critical aspects of the front end stages implemented in the deep submicron technologies. Particular effort has been put into minimization of the power consumed by the front end electronics. The nominal power consumption providing Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) level below 1000e- for the chip loaded with 5pF input capacitance is around 220μW per channel.
Journal of Instrumentation 11/2010; 5(11):C11024. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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S. Martoiu,
A. Rivetti,
A. Ceccucci,
A.C. Ramusino,
S. Chiozzi,
G. Dellacasa,
M. Fiorini,
S. Garbolino,
P. Jarron,
J. Kaplon,
A. Kluge,
F. Marchetto,
E.M. Albarran,
G. Mazza, M. Noy,
P. Riedler,
S. Tiurianemi
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The paper describes the design of a front-end chip for hybrid pixel detectors optimized for good timing resolution (200 ps rms) and high event rate (150 kHz per pixel). Each channel consists of a fast transimpedance amplifier with 5 ns peaking time, a constant fraction discriminator (CFD), and a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC). In order to cope with the rate requirement, a multi-event buffering scheme employing both analog and digital pipelines is implemented in each cell. This development is part of the R&D activity for the silicon tracker of the NA62 experiment at CERN. The architecture of the chip and the design of the critical building blocks are discussed in the paper.
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC), 2009 IEEE; 12/2009
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E. Martin,
A. Cecucci,
G. Dellacasa,
S. Garbolino,
P. Jarron,
J. Kaplon,
A. Kluge,
F. Marchetto,
S. Martoiu,
G. Mazza, M. Noy,
A. Rivetti,
S. Tiuraniemi
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We present the design and test results of a front-end prototype circuit developed in 130 nm CMOS technology for the readout of the Gigatracker pixel detector experiment in NA62 at CERN. The main challenges for the front end amplifier are very high signal hit rate (dead time less than 100 ns, average signal rate 100 kHz) and 100 ps timing resolution combined with the level of affordable power consumption (< 2 W/cm<sup>2</sup>) and noise (< 200 e<sup>-</sup> ENC). The predicted ENC levels for the nominal detector capacitance of 250 fF and maximum leakage current of the order of 20 nA are below 200 e<sup>-</sup>. The overall power consumed by the analogue and digital part of the pixel cell is in the order of 130 ¿W. The optimization of the design as well as test results of the prototype front end chip are evaluated and discussed.
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC), 2009 IEEE; 12/2009
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D. Abbaneo,
G. Abbiendi,
M. Abbrescia,
B. Abelev,
D. Acosta,
J. G. Acosta,
O. Actis,
N. Adam,
W. Adam,
T. Adams, [......],
E. B. Ziebarth,
J. Ziegler,
M. Zielinski,
Z. Zinonos,
G. Zito,
M. H. Zoeller,
P. Zotto,
G. Zumerle,
A. Zuranski,
P. Zych
Nuclear Physics A 10/2009; 830:946-956. · 1.54 Impact Factor
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C.J. Esbrand,
C.D. Arvanitis,
S. Pani,
B.D. Price,
J.A. Griffiths,
M. Metaxas,
G.J. Royle, M. Noy,
J. Leaver,
R. Longo,
T. Rokvic,
R. Turchetta,
H. Giorgiou,
H. Schulerud,
R.D. Speller
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The physical performance characteristics of a prototype scanning digital mammography (DM) system have been investigated. The I-ImaS system utilises CMOS MAPS technology promoting on-chip data processing; consequently statistical analysis is therefore achievable in real-time for the purpose of exposure modulation via a feedback mechanism during the image acquisition procedure. The imager employs a dual array of twenty CMOS APS sensing devices each individually coupled to a 100 mum thick thallium doped structured CsI scintillator. The X-ray performance of the sensors was characterised where the presampled modulation transfer function (MTF), normalised noise power spectrum (NNPS), and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) was determined. The presampled MTF was measured utilising the slit technique and was found to be 0.1 at 6 lp/mm. The NNPS measured utilising a W/Al target/filter combination hardened with 38 mm PMMA was seen to decrease with increasing exposure as expected and the manifesting DQE was 0.30 at close to zero spatial frequency at an exposure of 1.75 mR. Preliminary image stitching of the individual steps acquired from the scanning system is presented. A conventionally acquired image that is without the implementation of beam modulation or off-line intelligence is compared and contrasted to an intelligently off-line processed image. Results indicate the implementation of real-time intelligence into the image acquisition phase of digital mammography is foreseeable.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 07/2009; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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J. A. Ballin,
P D Dauncey,
A-M Magnan, M. Noy,
Y Mikami,
O. Miller,
V. Rajovic,
N K Watson,
J A Wilson,
J. P. Crooks,
M Stanitzki,
K. D. Stefanov,
R Turchetta,
M Tyndel,
E.G. Villani
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Progress is reported on the development and testing of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for a Si-W ECAL for the ILC. Using laser and source setups, a first version of the sensor has been characterised through measurements of the absolute gain calibration, noise and pedestal. The pixel-to-pixel gain spread is 10%. Charge diffusion has been measured and found to be compatible with simulation results. The charge collected by a single pixel varies from 50% to 20% depending on where it is generated. After adding detector effects to the Geant4 simulation of an ILC-like ECAL, using the measured parameters, the energy resolution is found to be 35% higher than the ideal resolution, but is still lower than the resolution obtained for an equivalent analogue ECAL.
02/2009;
-
J.A. Ballin,
R.E. Coath,
J.P. Crooks,
P.D. Dauncey,
B. Levin,
M. Lynch,
A.-M. Magnan,
Y. Mikami, M. Noy,
O. Miller,
V. Rajovic,
M. Stanitzki,
K.D. Stefanov,
R. Turchetta,
M. Tyndel,
N.K. Watson,
E.G. Villani,
J.A. Wilson
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: For the ILC physics program, the detectors will need an unprecedented jet energy resolution. For the electromagnetic calorimeter, the use of a highly granular silicon-tungsten calorimeter has been proposed. We have developed a Monolithic Active Pixel-based readout for such a calorimeter, which will have extremely fine granularity and will make use of a digital readout. The first generation chip (TPAC1) implements a 168x168 array comprising 50x50 μm<sup>2</sup> pixels. Each pixel has an integrated charge pre-amplifier and comparator. TPACI has been manufactured in the 0.18 μm INMAPS process which includes a deep p-well. We present results of the performance of the TPACI chip together with comparison to simulations and give an outlook to the second generation chip.
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2008. NSS '08. IEEE; 11/2008
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The CMS Collaboration,
S Chatrchyan,
G Hmayakyan,
V Khachatryan,
A M Sirunyan,
W Adam,
T Bauer,
T Bergauer,
H Bergauer,
M Dragicevic, [......],
G Abdullaeva,
A Avezov,
M I Fazylov,
E M Gasanov,
A Khugaev,
Y N Koblik,
M Nishonov,
K Olimov,
A Umaraliev,
B S Yuldashev
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 1034 cm−2 s−1 (1027 cm−2 s−1). At the core of the CMS detector sits a high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors covering most of the 4π solid angle. Forward sampling calorimeters extend the pseudorapidity coverage to high values (|η| ≤ 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of 14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t.
Journal of Instrumentation 08/2008; 3(08):S08004. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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J. A. Ballin,
J. P. Crooks,
P D Dauncey,
A-M Magnan,
Y Mikami,
O. D. Miller, M. Noy,
V. Rajovic,
M. M. Stanitzki,
K. D. Stefanov,
R Turchetta,
M Tyndel,
E.G. Villani,
N K Watson,
J A Wilson
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this paper we present a novel, quadruple well process developed in a modern 0.18mu CMOS technology called INMAPS. On top of the standard process, we have added a deep P implant that can be used to form a deep P-well and provide screening of N-wells from the P-doped epitaxial layer. This prevents the collection of radiation-induced charge by unrelated N-wells, typically ones where PMOS transistors are integrated. The design of a sensor specifically tailored to a particle physics experiment is presented, where each 50mu pixel has over 150 PMOS and NMOS transistors. The sensor has been fabricated in the INMAPS process and first experimental evidence of the effectiveness of this process on charge collection is presented, showing a significant improvement in efficiency. Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, submitted to "Sensors"
07/2008;
