Publications (20)3.49 Total impact
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Article: Global Security Policies Against Terrorism and the Free Riding Problem: An Experimental Approach
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ABSTRACT: The World Trade Center attack has shed light on the urgent need to implement preventing measures against terrorism and to enhance cooperation in the global security system for all countries. However, international coordination cannot be taken for granted. It is often ineffective and likely to fail for several reasons. Perhaps the more prominent reason to explain failure in coordination is that collective actions against terrorism may suffer from the well known free riding problem (Sandler and Enders, 2004). In this paper we experimentally investigate cooperation dilemma in counterterrorism policies by measuring to what extent international deterrence policy may suffer from free riding. In our game, contributions to the group account do not aim to increase the production of the public good but instead seek to decrease the probability that a stochastic event destroys the good. A country could choose to free ride by investing nothing in the international deterrence policy and instead invest all its resources in its own national protection or even choose to ignore totally terrorism by investing on alternative projects. We also look at the effects of institutions that allow sanctioning and rewarding of other countries to facilitate coordination on deterrence policy. We find that, in absence of institutional incentives and after controlling for risk aversion, most of countries defect by investing very weakly in collective actions against terrorism while largely investing to protect themselves. In contrast, the introduction of punishment/reward incentive systems improves significantly the contribution level to the collective security account.Journal of Public Economic Theory 11/2009; · 0.37 Impact Factor -
Article: Group and individual risk preferences: A lottery-choice experiment with self-employed and salaried workers
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ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on decision making under risk, comparing group and individual risk preferences in a lottery-choice experiment. In the individual treatment, subjects make choices individually; in the group treatment, each subject placed in a group made lottery choice via voting. In the choice treatment, subjects choose whether to be on their own or in a group. The originality of this research lies in the fact that we introduced variability in socio-demographic characteristics by recruiting salaried and self-employed workers. Our main findings indicate that groups are more likely than individuals to choose safe lotteries. Our results also show that individuals risk attitude is correlated with both the type and the sector of employment.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 01/2009; 70(3):470-484. · 1.01 Impact Factor -
Article: Never the same after the first time: The satisfaction of the second-generation self-employed.
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ABSTRACT: Previous empirical work has shown that the self-employed are generally more satisfied than salaried workers. This paper contributes to the existing literature in two ways. First, using French data from the ECHP and British data from the BHPS, we investigate the domains over which this differential operates. We show that, after controlling for occupation, self-employed workers are generally more satisfied with working conditions and pay, but less satisfied than employees with respect to job security. We then consider the differences between the first- and second-generation self-employed. The first-generation self-employed (those whose parents were not self-employed) are more satisfied overall than are the second-generation self-employed. We argue that this finding is consistent with the self-employed partly comparing their labor market outcomes with those of their parents, as well as parental transfers which loosen the self-employment participation constraint. This result is found in both pooled and panel analysis.02/2008; -
Article: Intergenerational correlation in self employment: some further evidence from French ECHP data
Small Business Economics 02/2008; 30(4):423-437. · 1.55 Impact Factor -
Article: Never the same after the first time: the satisfaction of the second-generation self-employed
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ABSTRACT: Purpose – It is known that the self-employed are generally more satisfied than salaried workers. The aim of this paper is to test whether this phenomenon is particularly found for the first-generation self-employed. Design/methodology/approach – French and British panel data are analysed, which include information on various measures of job satisfaction, and the respondent's parents' occupation. Job satisfaction regressions were run in which the first- and second-generation self-employed were distinguished between. Findings – The study finds that first-generation self-employed (those whose parents were not self-employed) are more satisfied overall than are the second-generation self-employed. The findings are consistent between the British and French data. Research limitations/implications – While the results are the same in the two countries considered, further validation work should extend the analysis across countries. While the authors are fairly sure that the second-generation self-employed do worse, they cannot precisely distinguish between comparison to one's parents, constrained occupational choice, and selection effects due to lower barriers to self-employment entry. Originality/value – The authors believe that this is one of the first papers to distinguish between types of self-employed in terms of their higher satisfaction. The finding that parents' labour force status continues to have a significant impact on their children's job satisfaction argues for a more systematic consideration of intergenerational factors in the analysis of labour markets.International Journal of Manpower 02/2008; 29(November):591-609. · 0.56 Impact Factor -
Article: Are Employees Really Satisfied with ICT?
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ABSTRACT: The diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) within firms induces organizational changes which modify employee perceptions of working conditions. This article aims to evaluate the effects of the use of cell phones, computers and the Internet on job satisfaction, and especially to distinguish between direct effects (due to ICT) and indirect effects (due to ICT combined with organizational changes). We have used a survey conducted by the INSEE (French national statistic institute) in October 2005 on standards of living in French households. Econometric results show that these three technologies have complementary and globally positive impacts on job satisfaction, especially the computer. As for the cell phone, it has ambivalent effects, as it is also a source of stress for the employee. Finally, our results show the existence of direct and indirect effects of ICT, effects which can sometimes cancel out or reinforce each other.Information Systems & eBusiness Research Centers Papers. 01/2008; -
Article: Risk aversion: an experiment with self-employed workers and salaried workers
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ABSTRACT: In this article we present the results of a lottery-choice experiment to address the following questions: Do risk vary across individuals? What is the impact of context on risk aversion? The originality of this research lies in introducing variability in socio-demographic characteristics by recruiting not only students but also 'real people' among salaried workers and self-employed workers. Our results indicate that risk attitude strongly varies across individuals. In particular, individuals who are self employed tend to be significantly less risk averse than others. In addition, we replicated Holt and Laury (2002, 2005) and Harrison et al. (2005)'s findings that individuals tend to be more risk averse with higher payoffs. Finally, our results concerning a potential experience effect indicate the existence of a significant order effect for both treatments.Applied Economics Letters. 01/2008; 15(10):791-795. -
Article: Usage des TIC, conditions de travail et satisfaction des salariés
10/2007; -
Article: Les salariés sont-ils réellement satisfaits des TIC ?
07/2007; -
Article: L'impact des TIC sur la qualité de l'emploi
02/2007; -
Article: "Self-Employment and Intergenerational Transition of Human Capital"
02/2007; -
Article: Risk Aversion: An Experiment with salaried ans self-employed workers
02/2007; -
Article: L'importance de l'environnement familial comme déterminant du travail indépendant
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ABSTRACT: [fre] La littérature économique a beaucoup discuté les fondements microéconomiques de la décision de choisir le statut d' « indépendant ». Plusieurs études empiriques soulignent le rôle déterminant de la situation financière, du niveau d'éducation et de l'environnement familial. Ainsi, Laferrère (1998) observe que la probabilité d'être indépendant est positivement corrélée au fait d'avoir un ou ses deux parents travailleurs indépendants. Plusieurs travaux expliquent cette corrélation intergénérationnelle du travail indépendant par la possibilité qu'ont les parents travailleurs indépendants à transmettre un capital humain informel à leurs enfants (Dunn et Holtz-Eakin, 2000). Cet article s'attache plus particulièrement à caractériser le rôle joué par l'environnement familial. Les parents ne se contentent généralement pas de transmettre à leurs enfants des compétences spécifiques à un métier donné, mais également certaines aptitudes managériales non spécifiques à une profession particulière. Les parents travailleurs indépendants transmettent donc à leurs enfants un « savoir penser » (aptitudes de management, capacité à travailler de façon autonome) facilitant l'exercice du statut d'indépendant quel que soit le métier envisagé. [spa] La importancia del entorno familiar como determinante del trabajo independiente. La literatura económica ha discutido mucho los fundamentos microeconómicos de la decisión de elegir el estatuto de "independiente”. Varios estudios empíricos destacan el papel determinante de la situación fi nanciera, del nivel de educación y del entorno familiar. Así pues, Laferrère (1998) observa que la probabilidad de ser independiente se correlaciona positivamente al hecho de tener a uno o a sus dos padres trabajadores independientes. Varios trabajos explican esta correlación intergeneracional del trabajo independiente por la posibilidad que tienen los padres trabajadores independientes de transmitir un capital humano informal a sus hijos (Dunn y Holtz-Eakin, 2000). Este artículo se interesa más concretamente en caracterizar el papel desempeñado por el entorno familiar. Los padres no se limitan generalmente a transmitir a sus hijos competencias específi cas a un ofi cio determinado, sino también algunas aptitudes de gestión no específi cas a una profesión particular. Por lo tanto, los padres trabajadores independientes transmiten a sus hijos un "saber pensar” (aptitudes de dirección, capacidad para trabajar de forma autónoma) que facilita el ejercicio del estatuto de independiente, cualquiera que sea el ofi cio considerado. Los fundamentos microeconómicos de la decisión de elegir el estatuto de independiente difi eren según que los individuos se hayan o no benefi ciado de transmisiones intergeneracionales por parte de padres trabajadores independientes. Por ejemplo, el nivel de educación formal es más determinante para las primeras generaciones de trabajadores independientes (aquellos cuyos padres no son trabajadores independientes) que para las segundas generaciones de trabajadores independientes (aquellos cuyos padres son trabajadores independientes). [ger] In der wirtschaftlichen Fachliteratur wurde viel über die mikroökonomischen Grundlagen bei dem Entschluss diskutiert, sich "selbständig“ zu machen. Mehrere empirische Studien betonen die entscheidende Rolle der fi nanziellen Situation, des Bildungsniveaus und des familiären Umfelds. So stellt Laferrère (1998) fest, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Tatsache steht, dass ein oder beide Elternteile selbständig sind. Mehrere Arbeiten erklären diese Korrelation der selbständigen Arbeit zwischen den Generationen mit der Möglichkeit der selbständigen Eltern, ihren Kindern ein informelles Humankapital zu übermitteln (Dunn und Holtz-Eakin, 2000). In diesem Artikel wird insbesondere auf die Rolle eingegangen, die das familiäre Umfeld spielt. Die Eltern vermitteln ihren Kindern im Allgemeinen nicht nur spezielle Fachkenntnisse eines bestimmten Berufs, sondern auch bestimmte Führungsfähigkeiten, die sich nicht auf einen besonderen Beruf beziehen. Die Eltern, die einen selbständigen Beruf ausüben, übermitteln ihren Kindern somit ein "Denkvermögen“ (Führungsfähigkeiten, eigenständiges Arbeiten), was unabhängig vom gewählten Beruf die Ausübung einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit erleichtert. Die mikroökonomischen Grundlagen der Entscheidung zugunsten einer selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit unterscheiden sich je nach dem, ob die Betroffenen von ihren selbständigen Eltern einen Transfer von Kompetenzen erhalten haben oder nicht. Beispielsweise ist das Niveau der formellen Bildung für die ersten Generationen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigen (diejenigen, deren Eltern nicht selbständig sind) entscheidender als für die zweiten Generationen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigen (diejenigen, deren Eltern selbständig sind). Die Bedeutung des familiären Umfelds als Determinante der selbständigen Arbeit [eng] Economic literature has given great prominence to the micro-economic reasons behind an individual’s decision to become "self-employed”. Several empirical studies highlight the determining role of one’s fi nancial situation, level of education and family environment. Lafferrère (1998) notes that the probability of being selfemployed is positively correlated with one or both of one’s parents being self-employed workers. Several papers explain this intergenerational correlation of self-employment by underlining the opportunity which self-employed parents have to transfer informal human capital to their children (Dunn and Holtz-Eakin, 2000). This article focuses more closely on identifying the role played by family environment. Parents on the whole are not happy merely to pass on to their children specifi c skills in a given business area, but also a number of managerial abilities which are not specifi c to a particular profession. Self-employed parents therefore pass on to their children an "ability to think” (management skills, capacity to work independently, etc), thus making it possible to work for oneself whatever the profession the child envisages. The micro-economic reasons behind the decision to become self-employed differ depending on whether the individuals have received intergenerational transfers from self-employed parents. For example, the level of formal education is more of a determiner for the fi rst generation of self-employed workers (those parents are not self-employed) than for second-generation self-employed workers (those whose parents are self-employed). The Importance of Family Environment as a Determiner of Self-EmploymentEconomie et statistique 01/2007; 405(1):99-118. -
Article: Self-Employment and The Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital
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ABSTRACT: We use the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP) to investigate the determinants of self-employment. More precisely, we consider the influence of immediate social environments and social networks on the choice of self-employment. We conjecture that self-employment is correlated across generations because parents may transmit two classes of informal human capital to their offspring: (1) specific skills for a specific occupation and (2) general managerial skills such as the capacity to acquire autonomy, irrespective of the specific occupation. Our data allow us to dissociate those individuals who are first-generation self-employed from second-generation self-employed (i.e. those whose parents are self-employed), and, among second-generation self-employed, those individuals whose parents are in the same occupation as their offspring. Consistent with our assumptions, we show that having parents who are self-employed increases the probability of being self-employed, even when the individuals do not have the same occupation as their parents. We also observe strong differences between first and second generation self-employed workers. First-generation self-employed are generally younger and more educated than second generation self-employed. Finally our results indicate that first-generation self-employed report higher job satisfaction than second-generation self-employed. Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants du travail indépendant à partir de l'enquête européenne des ménages (ECHP). Plus particulièrement, nous étudions le rôle joué par l'environnement familial de l'individu. L'originalité de cette étude est de montrer que les parents ne se contentent généralement pas de transmettre à leurs enfants des compétences spécifiques à un métier donné mais également certaines aptitudes managériales non spécifiques à une profession particulière, facilitant ainsi l'accès au statut d'indépendant quel que soit le métier exercé. Nos résultats montrent sans ambiguïté qu'au-delà de la transmission d'un « savoir-faire » favorisant l’accès à un métier spécifique, dans un grand nombre de cas, les parents travailleurs indépendants facilitent également l'accès de leurs enfants au statut d'indépendant et cela bien souvent, quel que soit le métier envisagé. Un autre résultat intéressant de notre étude est qu'’l existe des différences importantes au sein des travailleurs indépendants selon qu’ils ont bénéficié ou non de transmissions intergénérationnelles de la part de parents travailleurs indépendants. On observe par exemple que le niveau d’éducation formelle est davantage discriminant pour les premières générations de travailleurs indépendants (ceux dont les parents ne sont pas travailleurs indépendants) que pour les secondes générations de travailleurs indépendants (ceux dont les parents sont travailleurs indépendants).10/2006; -
Article: Risk aversion incentive and order effects : a new experiment with self-employed workers
07/2006; -
Article: Une étude expérimentale du degré individuel et collectif d'aversion au risque
02/2006; -
Article: Risk aversion incentive and order effects : a new experiment with self empoyed workers
02/2006; -
Article: Group and individual risk preferences : a lottery-choice experiment.
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ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on decision making under risk, comparing group and individual risk preferences in a lottery-choice experiment inspired by Holt and Laury (2002). The experiment presents subjects with a menu of unordered lottery choices which allows us to measure risk aversion. In the individual treatment, subjects make lottery choices individually ; in the group treatment, each subject was placed in an anonymous group of three, where unanimous lottery choice decisions were made via voting. Finally, in a third treatment, called the choice treatment, subjects could choose whether to be on their own or in a group. our main findings are that groups are more likely than individuals to choose safe lotteries for decisions with low winning percentages. Moreover, groups converge toward less risky decisions because subjects who were relatively less risk averse were more likely to change their vote in order to conform to the group average decision ; more risk-averse individuals were less likely to change their preferences. Finally our results reveal a positive relationship between preference for risk and willingness to decide alone.11/2004; -
Article: Une analyse empirique des stratégies d'interconnexion des opérateurs internet
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Article: The Importance of Family Environment as a Determiner of Self-Employment
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ABSTRACT: Economic literature has given great prominence to the micro-economic reasons behind an individual's decision to become "self-employed". Several empirical studies highlight the determining role of ones financial situation, level of education and family environment. Laferrère (1998) notes that the probability of being self-employed is positively correlated with one or both of one's parents being self-employed workers. Several papers explain this intergenerational correlation of self-employment by underlining the opportunity which self-employed parents have to transfer informal human capital to their children (Dunn and Holtz-Eakin, 2000). This article focuses on identifying the role played by family environment. The micro-economic reasons behind the decision to become self-employed differ depending on whether the individuals have received intergenerational transfers from self-employed parents. For example, the level of formal education is more of a determiner for the first generation of self-employed workers (those parents are not self-employed) than for second-generation self-employed workers (those whose parents are self-employed).Economie et statistique 405-406(February):99-118.
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2004–2008
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Université de Rennes 1
Rennes, Brittany, France
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