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ABSTRACT: In this study it was aimed to investigate the risk factors for gastrointestinal colonization by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in intensive care unit (ICU) of anaesthesiology and reanimation, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey. This study was performed prospectively on adult patients hospitalized in ICU of anaesthesiology and reanimation and rectal swab cultures were performed in all patients in the first 48 hours of hospitalization and every one week until discharge or death. Samples were transported to the laboratory in Stuart transport medium and were cultured on two EMB agar plates (one including 4 mg/L ceftazidime) and incubated for 48 hours. E.coli and K.pneumoniae isolates were identified by conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines. ESBL was confirmed by double disc synergy test. A total of 140 patients (49 female 91 male; age range: 18-83 years, mean age: 56.3 years) were evaluated, and 41 (29.3%) of the patients were found to be colonized with ESBL positive E.coli (n= 39) or K.pneumoniae (n= 2). The mean time for colonization was 11.15 ± 10.91 (range between 2-39) days. Age and gender of the patients and antibiotic consumption before or during the stay in ICU of anaesthesiology and reanimation were not found to be associated with colonization (p> 0.05). However length of ICU of anaesthesiology and reanimation stay in colonized patients was longer than non-colonized patients (27.59 ± 22.52 vs. 17.78 ± 11.74 days; p< 0.05). Infectious episodes developed in 22% (9/41) of the colonized cases and three of the nine strains were isolated from the blood cultures, five from the urine cultures and one from both blood and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures. ESBL-positive E.coli or K.pneumoniae colonization was found as an independent risk factor for the development of infection (9/41 vs. 4/99 cases; p= 0.002). Forward logistic regression analysis revealed that diabetes mellitus, immunosuppresive drug use and length of intubation were associated with ESBL-positive E.coli or K.pneumoniae colonization (p< 0.05). The results of this study indicated that the risk of development of infection was significantly high in intensive care patients colonized by ESBL positive E.coli and K.pneumoniae and the identification of the related risk factors was critically important for the establishment of effective control measures.
Mikrobiyoloji bülteni 04/2013; 47(2):223-9. · 0.40 Impact Factor
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Volkan Korten,
Güner Söyletir,
Ata Nevzat Yalçın,
Dilara Oğünç,
Başak Dokuzoğuz,
Harika Esener,
Sercan Ulusoy, Alper Tünger,
Bilgehan Aygen,
Bülent Sümerkan,
Dilek Arman,
Murat Dizbay,
Murat Akova,
Gülşen Hasçelik,
Haluk Eraksoy,
Seniha Başaran,
Iftihar Köksal,
Gülçin Bayramoğlu,
Halis Akalın,
Melda Sınırtaş
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro activities of doripenem, imipenem, and meropenem against clinical gram-negative isolates. A total of 596 clinical isolates were obtained from intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients in 10 centers over Turkey between September-December 2008. The origin of the isolates was patients with nosocomial pneumonia (42.4%), bloodstream infections (%40.4), and complicated intraabdominal infections (17.1%). Of the isolates, 51.8% were obtained from ICU patients. The study isolates consisted of Pseudomonas spp. in 49.8%, Enterobacteriaceae in 40.3%, and other gram-negative agents in 9.9%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for doripenem, imipenem and meropenem were determined for all isolates in each center using Etest® strips (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). Of the isolates, 188 (31.5%) were resistant to at least one of the carbapenems. MIC50 of doripenem against Pseudomonas spp. Was 1 mg/L which was similar to that of meropenem and two-fold lower than imipenem. Susceptibility to carbapenems in P.aeruginosa was 64% for doripenem at an MIC level of 2 mg/L, 53.9% and 63% for imipenem and meropenem at an MIC level of 4 mg/L, respectively. Doripenem and meropenem showed similar activity with the MIC90 of 0.12 mg/L whereas imipenem was four-fold less active at 0.5 mg/L. Against other gramnegative pathogens, mostly Acinetobacter spp., MIC50 was 8 mg/L for doripenem and 32 mg/L for other two carbapenems. P.aeruginosa isolates were inhibited 84.2% with doripenem and 72.1% with meropenem at the MIC level of 8 mg/L. Doripenem generally showed similar or slightly better activity than meropenem and better activity than imipenem against pathogens collected in this study. Against Pseudomonas spp., doripenem was the most active of the three carbapenems. Doripenem and meropenem were equally active against Enterobacteriaceae and at least four-fold more active than imipenem. It was concluded that doripenem seemed to be a promising agent in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, blood stream infections and intraabdominal infections particularly in patients who were under risk of developing antimicrobial resistance.
Mikrobiyoloji bülteni 04/2011; 45(2):197-209. · 0.40 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a rare cause of cerebral abscesses, however it is a relatively more common etiologic agent in post-neurosurgical abscesses and the main antibacterial therapy option is vancomycin. In this report, a case of brain abscess due to MRSA which did not respond neither to moxifloxacin + vancomycin nor vancomycin + rifampin combination therapies, and merely treated by linezolid + rifampin combination, has been presented. Fifty-one years old female patient who was operated 40 days ago for subarachnoid bleeding and aneurysm in middle cerebral artery bifurcation, was hospitalized due to purulent leakage from the operation area. She did not have fever and her physical examination, including the neurologic system, was normal. Computerized tomography revealed an approximately 1 cm lesion compatible with subdural empyema and cerebral abscess in the right frontoparietal area in supratentorial sections. The patient was operated for wound revision and moxifloxacin was initiated. Since the operation materials revealed MRSA growth, vancomycin (4 x 500 mg, IV) was added to the treatment. The isolate was identified by conventional methods, and antibiotic susceptibility test performed by disk diffusion method showed that it was susceptible to levofloxacin, linezolid, rifampin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Since no clinical response was obtained in two weeks, moxifloxacin was switched to rifampin (300 mg 1 x 2). On the 10th day of vancomycin + rifampin therapy, radiological findings showed development of cerebritis and therefore vancomycin was changed with linezolid (2 x 600 mg, IV). The control CT of the patient revealed regression of the brain lesion and linezolid + rifampin treatment continued for six weeks. The patient did not develop any hematological, liver or renal toxicity during the therapy and the radiological findings regressed. No relapse were detected in the one year follow-up period. This case suggested that linezolid might be a treatment alternative in the therapy of vancomycin-refractory MRSA brain abscess.
Mikrobiyoloji bülteni 10/2010; 44(4):651-5. · 0.40 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Group C streptococci are flora members of skin, nasopharynx, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. They are rare causes of human pharyngitis, arthritis, pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia. In this report, a 71-years old male patient with Streptococcus equisimilis arthritis/prosthetic joint infection has been presented. The patient was admitted to the emergency service with the complaints of erythema, swelling and tenderness on right knee which had total knee prosthesis. Examination of synovial fluid punction sample yielded abundant amount of leukocytes (> 1000 cells/mm3). Empirical ampicillin-sulbactam (1 g q6h, parenterally) therapy was initiated. Bacteria which have been cultivated from synovial fluid specimen were identified as S. equisimilis. The isolate was found to be susceptible to penicilin, erythromycin and teicoplanin, and resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Although clinical presentation improved during the first ten days, symptoms recurred after the 10th day and the therapy was switched to teicoplanin. The recurrence was thought to be the result of antibiotic tolerence. The patient was treated successfully with teicoplanin, and no relapse or reinfection was observed during one year of follow-up. To our knowledge this is the first case of S. equisimilis arthritis reported from Turkey and first case of S. equisimilis associated prosthetic joint infection.
Mikrobiyoloji bülteni 08/2008; 42(3):515-8. · 0.40 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Rhizobium spp. (R. radiobacter, R. rhizogenes, R. rubi, R. vitis) are aerobic, motile, non-spore forming, oxidase-positive, gram-negative bacilli. Although they are mostly plant pathogens, R. radiobacter may cause human infections. The aim of this report was to present a case of R. radiobacter bacteremia treated with levofloxacin. Twenty-seven year old male patient had fever after receiving chemotherapy due to osteosarcoma. The infection focus could not be detected in the initial physical examination. Blood cultures were obtained from peripheral veins and central catheter and levofloxacin (500 mg/day) was started as empirical therapy. His fever resolved on the next day. Meanwhile cultures of blood (Bact/Alert automated systems, bioMerieux, Durham, NC) obtained from peripheral veins and central catheters yielded bacteria which were identified as R. radiobacter by VITEK 2 (bioMerieux Inc, Mercy L'etoil, France). The strain was resistant to amikacin and sensitive to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam. The patient was diagnosed as catheter-related bacteremia and the treatment was continued for 14 days. His catheter was not removed since subsequent cultures did not reveal any bacterial growth. In conclusion this case suggests that R. radiobacter may cause infections especially in immunocompromised patients with catheters or prosthetic devices. To our knowledge this is the first R. radiobacter case reported from Turkey and the first case of R. radiobacter bacteremia reported to be treated with levofloxacin in the literature.
Mikrobiyoloji bülteni 05/2008; 42(2):349-52. · 0.40 Impact Factor
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Burçin Sener,
Ferda Tunçkanat,
Sercan Ulusoy, Alper Tünger,
Güner Söyletir,
Lütfiye Mülazimoğlu,
Nezahat Gürler,
Lütfiye Oksüz,
Iftihar Köksal,
Kemalettin Aydin,
Ata Nevzat Yalçin,
Dilara Oğünç,
Asli Acar,
Jörg Sievers
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ABSTRACT: To determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Turkey as part of Survey Of Antibiotic Resistance, a surveillance programme in the Africa and Middle East region examining the antimicrobial susceptibility of key bacterial pathogens involved in community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTIs).
Susceptibility was evaluated against a range of antimicrobial agents using disc diffusion and Etest methods.
Six centres in five cities collected 301 S. pneumoniae and 379 H. influenzae isolates between October 2004 and November 2005. Among S. pneumoniae, the prevalence of isolates with intermediate susceptibility (MICs 0.12-1 mg/L) and resistance to penicillin (MICs >or=2 mg/L) was 24.6% and 7.6%, respectively; there was a wide variation between cities (2.4% to 36.9% intermediate and 0% to 23.8% resistant phenotypes). Macrolide-azalide resistance rates exceeded those of penicillin resistance in all cities. Overall, 5.0% of isolates were co-resistant to penicillin and erythromycin and 10.0% were multidrug-resistant (joint resistance to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline). Agents tested to which over 90% of countrywide S. pneumoniae isolates remained susceptible were amoxicillin/clavulanate (98.7%), chloramphenicol (94.7%) and cefprozil (90.6%). Overall, the percentage of H. influenzae isolates producing beta-lactamase was 5.5%, differing widely across the country with the highest prevalence of beta-lactamase production detected in Trabzon (14.0%) and no beta-lactamase-positive isolates found in Izmir. H. influenzae had the highest per cent susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanate (99.5%) and ofloxacin (99.2%) while >20% were resistant to co-trimoxazole.
Prevalence of penicillin and macrolide-azalide resistance among S. pneumoniae appears to be on the increase in Turkey while overall beta-lactamase production in H. influenzae remains relatively low. To adequately monitor the spread of drug-resistant phenotypes among these two important CARTI pathogens, ongoing collection of resistance surveillance data is required-where possible locally as resistance patterns can vary substantially between cities and institutions.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 09/2007; 60(3):587-93. · 5.07 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Skin disinfection during phlebotomy is a critical step for bacterial contamination of blood and blood products. The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial contamination rates during phlebotomy and to detect the probable microorganisms present. Skin disinfections of 100 blood donors were performed by using povidone iodine solution with standard procedure. Fifteen mililiters of blood samples were drawn from the transfusion set and inoculated into culture flasks of automated Bact/Alert (BioMerieux) system. Blood cultures were monitorized for one week, and bacteria in positive cultures were identified by using classical microbiological methods in addition with API identification system (BioMerieux; ID32 Staph, 20 Strep). As a result, bacterial growth was detected in four (4%) of the blood samples, whereas 96% of the samples were found sterile. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the microorganism which had been grown in three of the samples, and Streptococcus mutans in one. The positivity rate detected in our study was considered high, since expected bacterial contamination rates in blood transfusions were between 0.2-0.5%. This data indicated that the procedures used in phlebotomy such as the choice of phlebotomy region, disinfectant use and disinfection time should be re-evaluated in our blood centre.
Mikrobiyoloji bülteni 02/2005; 39(1):79-82. · 0.40 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Since the incidence of vancomycin- and methicillin-resistant Gram-positive infections continue to increase, novel antimicrobials such as linezolid and streptogramin may provide new options to treat patients. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro susceptibility of Enterococcus faecium resistant to glycopeptides, coagulase negative staphylococci and S. aureus resistant to methicillin isolated mainly from blood and also rectal swab cultures of patients against quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid.
The in vitro susceptibility to linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin for a total of 332 isolates of Gram-positive cocci [127 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 109 methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (71 S. epidermidis, 38 S. haemolyticus) and 96 vanA genotype vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium] was investigated by E test.
All MRSA and MRCoNS isolates were susceptible to linezolid (MICs < 4.0 mg/l). Ninety per cent of VRE isolates were inhibited by linezolid at concentration of 2.0 mg/l and presented similar activities to quinupristin/dalfopristin. MICs for quinupristin/dalfopristin against staphylococci were also low (MIC(90) = 1.0 mg/l for both MRSA and MRCoNS isolates).
The results of the present study demonstrated that quinupristin/ dalfopristin and linezolid, have good in vitro activity against MRSA, MRCoNS and vancomycin resistant E. faecium in Turkey. These drugs could be promising therapeutic options in an era of rapidly growing antibiotic resistance in all parts of world.
The Indian journal of medical research 01/2005; 120(6):546-52. · 1.84 Impact Factor
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Birsel Erdem,
Güşen Hasçelik,
Suna Gedikocğlu,
Deniz Gür,
Serpil Ercis,
Bülent Sümerkan,
Ahmet Derya Aysev,
Inci Tuncer,
Murat Tuğrul,
Müşerref Tatman Otkun, Alper Tünger,
Yurdanur Akgün,
Nilgün Acar,
Iftihar Köksal,
Meral Gültekin,
Güner Söyletir,
Atila Elhan
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ABSTRACT: In order to find the distinctive features of Salmonellae and Salmonella infections in Turkey, 620 Salmonellae strains, isolated from various clinical samples (481 stool, 108 blood, 12 urine, 3 bone marrow, 3 cerebrospinal fluid, 9 pus, and one from each of the bile, pleural fluid, wound, catheter samples) in 13 clinical microbiology laboratories of 10 provinces in Turkey (Ankara, Antalya, Bursa, Edirne, Eskişehir, Istanbul, Izmir, Kayseri, Konya and Trabzon) between July 1, 2000 and June 30, 2002, were serotyped. Among the patients 43% were female, 57% were male, 63.2% were from outpatient clinics and 36.8% were hospitalized patients. Seventy eight percent of the patients had gastroenteritis, 10.7% had septicemia/local infection, 9.8% had typhoid/paratyphoid fever and 1.5% were carriers. Incidence of gastroenteritis was higher in 0-5 years age group (p<0.001). Of the 620 Salmonella enterica isolates, 47.7% were S. Enteritidis, 34.7% S. Typhimurium, 6% S. Paratyphi B, 2.9% S. Typhi, 0.2% S. paratyphi A, 6.1% serogroup C1, and 2.4% serogroup C2. S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype in all provinces except for Kayseri, where S. Typhimurium was found to be the most common serotype (68.2%). Overall, the most frequently isolated serotype was S. Enteritidis, also being the most common serotype in stool and blood cultures. During the surveillance period two outbreaks have occurred, the first one by S. Enteritidis strains in Edirne, and the second one by S. Typhimurium strains in Kayseri. As a result, Salmonella infections are still a common health problem in Turkey, and active surveillance of Salmonella infections has vital importance.
Mikrobiyoloji bülteni 08/2004; 38(3):173-86. · 0.40 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Comamonas testosteroni, a lesser-known member of the genus, has shown little apparent capacity for causing infections in humans. We here present a case of purulent meningitis due to C. testosteroni, which occurred in a patient who had recurrent cholesteatoma. Ceftriaxone treatment was not effective in this patient even though in vitro the bacteria were susceptible to the drug. The patient responded well to meropenem therapy.
Apmis 05/2003; 111(4):474-6. · 1.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To study in vitro activities of three quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin), four macrolides (erythromycin, dirithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin) and doxycycline against 44 clinical isolates of Brucella melitensis.
Forty-four B. melitensis strains were isolated from blood cultures of adult patients with acute brucellosis who were hospitalized in the clinical ward of the Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the tested antimicrobials were measured by the agar dilution method. MIC90 and MIC50 values were defined as the lowest concentration of the antibiotic at which 90 and 50% of the isolates were inhibited, respectively.
Doxycycline (MIC50: 0.25 microg/ml, MIC90: 0.50 microg/ml) had the lowest MIC in vitro against the B. melitensis strains. Among the quinolones, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin had similar activities (MIC50: 0.5 microg/ml, MIC90: 2 microg/ml), whereas MIC of moxifloxacin (MIC50: 1 microg/ml, MIC90: 8 microg/ml) was higher than both antibiotics in this group. Clarithromycin and azithromycin were the most active macrolides (MIC50: 8 microg/ml and MIC90: 32 microg/ml), followed by erythromycin (MIC50: 16 microg/ml, MIC90: 32 microg/ml) and dirithromycin (MIC50: 64 microg/ml and MIC90: 64 microg/ml).
The results indicate that the conventional agent doxycycline is more active than quinolones and macrolides against the B. melitensis in vitro.
Medical Principles and Practice 14(6):413-6. · 0.89 Impact Factor
