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ABSTRACT: The design, fabrication and characterisation of a 500 GHz electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) based heterodyne receiver array is presented. The array contained seven planar dipole antennas that were photolithographically defined on a common 20 mum thick quartz substrate. Each antenna incorporated a Schottky diode and was connected to coplanar transmission lines that conveyed the down converted 500 GHz signals to detectors. The quartz substrate was backed by a silicon EBG woodpile structure, which reduced antenna cross talk and increased directivity. An off-axis parabolic mirror completed the beam forming network.
Antennas and Propagation, 2009. EuCAP 2009. 3rd European Conference on; 04/2009
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ABSTRACT: This letter presents the design, fabrication and test of an integrated 320-360 GHz subharmonic image rejection mixer using planar Schottky diodes. The integrated circuit uses two separate anti-parallel pairs of diodes mounted onto a single quartz-based circuit. Measurement results give best single sideband (SSB) receiver noise temperatures of approximately 3400 K at 340 GHz, with an image rejection from 7.2 to 24.1 dB over the 320-360 GHz frequency band. This work represents the first demonstration of a Schottky based SSB mixer at submillimeter wavelengths.
IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 03/2009; · 1.72 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this paper, we report upon the development of a 380 GHz sub-harmonic mixer using foundry planar Schottky diodes. The device has been fabricated by the commercial foundry UMS (United Monolithic Semiconductors) using the BES process, and post-processed afterwards to transfer the GaAs circuit membranes onto a quartz substrate. The measurement of a single device has been done with a fast automatic Y factor test bench, with a resolution of 0.001 dB.
01/2009;
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ABSTRACT: The design, fabrication, and characterization of a 500-GHz electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) based heterodyne receiver array is presented. The array contained seven planar dipole antennas that were photolithographically defined on a common 20-mum-thick quartz substrate. Each antenna incorporated a Schottky diode and was connected to coplanar transmission lines that conveyed the down-converted 500-GHz signals to detectors. The quartz substrate was backed by a silicon EBG woodpile structure, which reduced antenna crosstalk and increased directivity. An off-axis parabolic mirror completed the beam-forming network.
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 12/2008; · 1.85 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Recent developments in the fabrication of GaAs integrated Schottky structures for applications above 100 GHz are presented. Two approaches are discussed; the fabrication of integrated circuits using a GaAs foundry service, coupled with the research based post-processing of these structures, and the fabrication of discrete and integrated Schottky structures using a bespoke research laboratory.
Microwave Integrated Circuit Conference, 2008. EuMIC 2008. European; 11/2008
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ABSTRACT: The design, fabrication and test of a combined sub-millimeter wave mixer/doubler featuring a 380 GHz sub-harmonic mixer and a 190 GHz frequency doubler on a single quartz based microstrip circuit is reported in this letter. The integrated circuit uses separate flip-chip mounted planar Schottky diode components to perform the two functions. Measurements give best double sideband mixer noise temperatures of 1625 K at 372 GHz, and a corresponding mixer conversion loss of 8 dB. The measured fixed-tuned radio frequency bandwidth extends from 368 to 392 GHz, in good agreement with simulations. This work represents the first demonstration of a single substrate combined submillimeter wave mixer/doubler.
IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 06/2008; · 1.72 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this paper the design and characterisation of an imaging array at 500 GHz based on EBG technology is described. The array is formed by 7 detecting elements placed on a top of a silicon woodpile and uses a paraboloidal mirror as refractive element. Good agreement was obtained between predicted and measured performances.
Microwave Conference, 2007. European; 11/2007
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ABSTRACT: We report on the UK-based fabrication, optimisation and reproducibility of air-bridged, low capacitance, GaAs based Schottky diodes. A low value of on- wafer diode-to-diode variation of the DC parameters is crucial to the optimisation of these devices; the results reported include diodes with 2 mum diameter anodes exhibiting a 100 device average series resistance of 10.68 Omega (Standard deviation of 0.42 Omega), and diode ideality of 1.172 (0.005). Equivalent values of series resistance and ideality of 14.70 (0.81) Omega and 1.180 (0.004) respectively have been measured for 1 mum diameter anode devices. The low value of the standard deviations indicates good control of the diode fabrication process. Schottky diodes with 2 mum diameter anodes have been tested at 183 GHz in a sub-harmonic mixer where a double side band mixer noise temperature of 600 K and a conversion loss of 4.7 dB have been demonstrated.
Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2007 and the 2007 15th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics. IRMMW-THz. Joint 32nd International Conference on; 10/2007
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B. Martinez,
I. Ederra,
R. Gonzalo, B. Alderman,
L. Azcona,
P.G. Huggard,
Bas de Hon,
A. Hussain,
S.R. Andrews,
L. Marchand,
P. de Maagt
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ABSTRACT: The sensitivity of the characteristic band edge frequencies of three different 500-GHz electromagnetic-bandgap crystals to systematic variations in unit cell dimensions has been analyzed. The structures studied were square bar woodpiles made with dielectric having epsiv <sub>r</sub>ap12 and epsiv<sub>r</sub>=37.5 and two wide bandgap epsiv<sub>r</sub>=37.5 crystals designs proposed by Fan and Johnson and Joannopoulos. These epsiv<sub>r</sub> values correspond to high-resistivity silicon and a zirconium-tin-titanate ceramic, respectively. For the woodpiles, the fractional frequency bandgap varied very little for dimensional deviations of up to plusmn5% from the optimum. The bandgaps of the Fan and Johnson and Joannopoulos structures were affected to a greater extent by dimensional variations, particular sensitivity being exhibited to the air-hole radius. For all crystals, the effect of increasing the amount of dielectric in the unit cell was to shift the bandgap edges to lower frequencies. Both silicon and ceramic woodpiles, along with a ceramic Fan structure, were fabricated and dimensionally characterized. Mechanical processing with a semiconductor dicing saw was used to form the woodpiles, while the Fan structure required both dicing and UV laser drilling of circular thru-holes. Good agreement with predicted normal incidence transmissions were found on the low-frequency side of the bandgap in all cases, but transmission values above the upper band edge were lower than expected in the ceramic structures
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 05/2007; · 1.85 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Techniques are presented for designing fixed-tuned millimetre-wave components with the least number of parts to minimise the cost and maximise the potential for volume manufacture. Design techniques for millimeter-wave mixer components targeted at potentially high volume applications, such as medical and security screening and nondestructive testing, require certain compromises in the use of CAD tools. The compromise techniques are demonstrated using commercially available foundry diodes in the design of a 183 GHz subharmonic mixer for earth observation applications. The resulting mixer exhibits 6.85 dB double sideband conversion loss and a mixer temperature of 988 K using 5 mW of local oscillator power at 92 GHz
IET Circuits Devices & Systems 03/2007; · 0.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The modification of a woodpile structure which allows to improve the radiation pattern of a printed dipole antenna placed on top of it is presented. By displacing the bars closer to the dipole a more symmetric and directive radiation pattern can be obtained. Simultaneously, this modification changes the input impedance of the dipole, bringing it closer to the impedance levels required to be matched to a coplanar stripline
IET Microwaves Antennas & Propagation 03/2007; · 0.68 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Methods to increase the sensitivity, level of integration, and design robustness of low-cost integrated elements for millimetre and sub-millimetre receiver arrays are presented. This is illustrated in reference to the MARSCHALS airborne limb sounding instrument. Recent developments in photomixing elements to generate a millimetre wave signal are described. The design, fabrication and test of a fixed-tuned 380 GHz Schottky-based receiver are also presented. This incorporates a high-power frequency doubler to the ISO-200 GHz range and a 360-400 GHz sub-harmonic Schottky diode mixer which exhibits state-of-the-art sensitivity
MM-Wave Products and Technologies, 2006. The Institution of Engineering and Technology Seminar on; 12/2006
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ABSTRACT: This paper describes the computer aided design techniques used to design millimeter-wave mixer components for potentially high volume applications such as medical and security screening and non-destructive testing. These are demonstrated by the design of a 183GHz subharmonic mixer for earth observation applications. Using commercially available foundry diodes, the mixer exhibits 6.85dB double side-band conversion loss and a mixer temperature of 988 Kelvin using 5mW of local oscillator power at 92GHz. The subharmonic mixer is designed as a fixed tuned component with the least number of parts to minimize the cost and maximize its potential for volume manufacture
European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference, 2006. The 1st; 10/2006
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ABSTRACT: Millimetre-wave signals from high speed InP/InGaAs uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PD) have been used to drive Schottky diodes for harmonic generation, the down conversion of an 80 GHz tone and the heterodyne detection of 183 GHz radiation.
LEOS Summer Topical Meetings, 2005 Digest of the; 08/2005
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ABSTRACT: The design that is presented in this paper corresponds to a sub-harmonic mixer with an RF frequency around 250 GHz and combines conventional and EBG technologies. In this design an EBG woodpile structure was used as substrate for a dipole antenna, improving its radiation features, whereas the local oscillator (LO) feeding waveguide is a metallic rectangular waveguide. Although in order to take full advantage of this technology and to avoid losses resulting from the transitions between different technologies, the whole system should be completely realised using EBG technology, this is a first step towards a fully integrated EBG receiver.
Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2005 IEEE; 08/2005
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B. Ellison,
D. Matheson, B. Alderman,
M. Harman,
T. Nightingale,
J. Spencer,
G. Kergonou,
P. Huggard,
M. Oldfield,
B. Moyna,
A. Laisne
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ABSTRACT: A compact 500 GHz SIS heterodyne radiometer is currently being developed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), UK. The radiometer can be integrated with a new state-of-the-art balloon borne terahertz and sub-millimetre wave limb sounder (TELIS) and performs remote sounding of key molecular constituents within the Earth's atmosphere. The paper presents the design concept of the receiver and current status of development.
Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2004 and 12th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, 2004. Conference Digest of the 2004 Joint 29th International Conference on; 11/2004
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L. Azcona, B. Alderman,
P.G. Huggard,
R. Gonzalo,
B. Martinez,
I. Ederra,
C. del Rio,
B.M.C. de Hon,
M. van Bearden,
L. Marchand,
P. de Maagt
Metamaterials for Microwave and (Sub) Millimetre Wave Applications: Photonic Bandgap and Double Negative Designs, Components and Experiments, 2003. IEE Seminar on; 12/2003
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Manfred Birk,
Ulrich Mair,
Michail Krocka,
Georg Wagner,
P. Yagoubov,
R. Hoogeveen,
T. de Graauw,
H. van de Stadt,
A. Selig,
H.-W. Hübers, [......], B. Alderman,
M. Harman,
B. Kerridge,
R. Siddans,
J. Reburn,
A. Duric,
A. Murk,
A. Magun,
N. Kämpfer,
D. Murtagh
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ABSTRACT: A new state-of-the-art balloon borne three channel (500, 625, 1800 GHz) cryogenic heterodyne spectrometer will allow enhanced limb sounding of the Earths atmosphere within the submillimeter and far-infrared spectral range. The instrument, called TELIS (TErahertz and submm LImb Sounder), is being developed by a consortium of major European institutes that includes the Space Research Organisation of the Netherlands (SRON), the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the United Kingdom and the Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany (lead institute). TELIS will utilise state-of-the-art superconducting heterodyne technology and is designed to be compact and lightweight, while providing broad spectral coverage, high spectral resolution and long flight duration (~24 hours duration during a single flight campaign). The combination of high sensitivity and extensive flight duration will allow investigation of the diurnal variation of key atmospheric short-lived radicals such as OH, HO2, ClO, BrO together with stable constituents such as O3, HCl and HOCl. Furthermore, TELIS will share a balloon platform with the MIPAS-B Fourier transform spectrometer, developed by the Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. MIPAS-B will provide simultaneous and complementary spectral measurements over an extended spectral range. The combination of the TELIS and MIPAS instruments will provide atmospheric scientists with a very powerful observational tool and, in addition, will act as a prelude to future spaceborne instruments.
35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Paris, France, 18-25.7.2004;
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ABSTRACT: We present the development of an integrated het-erodyne receiver at 330 GHz featuring a balanced tripler and a sub-harmonic mixer embedded on the same substrate. The receiver block has one face dedicated to the feed aperture, and the opposite face to the local oscillator input and the intermediate frequency output. By utilizing only opposite faces this configuration makes building of a full two-dimensional array possible through stacking receiver elements. Moreover, the size of the receiver block is minimised by a small spacing between the mixer and its local oscillator circuit. The input signal of the multipler stage is between 55 and 60 GHz where high power sources are more commonly available than at sub-millimeter frequencies. A preliminary design and its analysis are described in order to enlight problematics related to circuits composed of several non-linear elements. Packaging constraints are also discussed here since the spacing between two horn antennas is limited by the physical size of the local oscillator and IF connectors on the back face of the pixel.
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RWM Hoogeveen,
P A Yagoubov,
A Maurellis,
VP Koshelets,
SV Shitov,
U Mair,
M Krocka,
G Wagner,
M. Birk,
HW Huebers, [......],
A Semenov,
GN Gol'tsman,
BM Voronov,
BN Ellison,
BJ Kerridge,
DN Matheson, B. Alderman,
M Harman,
R Siddans,
J Reburn
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ABSTRACT: Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XI. Edited by Strojnik, Marija. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 5152, pp. 347-355 (2003).
