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ABSTRACT: A series of 3-substituted 5-hydroxy-5-trifluoro[chloro]methyl-1H-1-isonicotinoyl-4,5-dihydropyrazoles (2a-i) were synthesised by the cyclocondensation reaction of 4-methoxy-1,1,1-trifluoro[chloro]-4-(substituted)-alk-3-en-2-ones (1a-i) and isoniazid (INH). Their in vitro antimicrobial activity was tested against INH-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, INH-resistant clinical M. tuberculosis isolates and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Amongst the synthesised compounds, 5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-(isonicotinoyl)-pyrazole (2a) and 5-hydroxy-3-(4-methylphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-(isonicotinoyl) pyrazole (2d) were found to be the two most active agents against susceptible M. tuberculosis and several INH-resistant strains. The compound 3-(2-furyl)-5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-(isonicotinoyl)pyrazole (2f) was active against all the INH-resistant strains regardless of the genetic background at concentrations two- to four-fold its minimum inhibitory concentration against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. These compounds were inhibitors of mycolic acid biosynthesis, in agreement with the utilisation of the INH scaffold for their design. Interestingly, the most active compound against M. tuberculosis, 5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-(isonicotinoyl)-pyrazole (2a), was even more potent than INH against non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 09/2008; 32(2):139-44. · 4.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: 2-Hexadecynoic acid and 2-octadecynoic acid have cidal activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. At subinhibitory concentrations, M. smegmatis rapidly transformed [1-(14)C]-2-hexadecynoic acid into endogenous fatty acids and elongated them into mycolic acids. Toxic concentrations of 2-hexadecynoic acid resulted in accumulation of 3-ketohexadecanoic acid, which blocked fatty acid biosynthesis, and 3-hexadecynoic acid, an inhibitor of fatty acid degradation. The combination of these two metabolites is necessary to achieve the inhibition of M. smegmatis. We conclude that 2- and 3-hexa/octadecynoic acids inhibit mycolic acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid degradation, pathways of significant importance for mycobacteria.
Chemistry & Biology 04/2006; 13(3):297-307. · 5.83 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters the host by inhalation of an infectious aerosol and replicates in the alveolar macrophages until the host's immune defense causes bacteriostasis, which leads the pathogen to go into nonreplicative drug-resistant dormancy. The dormant pathogen can survive for decades till the host's immune system is weakened and active tuberculosis develops. Even though fatty acids are thought to be the major energy source required for the persistence phase, the source of fatty acids used is not known. We postulate that the pathogen uses triacylglycerol (TG) as a storage form of fatty acids. Little is known about the biosynthesis of TG in M. tuberculosis. We show that 15 mycobacterial genes that we identified as putative triacylglycerol synthase (tgs) when expressed in Escherichia coli showed TGS activity, and we report some basic catalytic characteristics of the most active enzymes. We show that several tgs genes are induced when the pathogen goes into the nonreplicative drug-resistant state caused by slow withdrawal of O(2) and also by NO treatment, which is known to induce dormancy-associated genes. The gene (Rv3130c) that shows the highest TGS activity when expressed in E. coli shows the highest induction by hypoxia and NO treatment. Biochemical evidence shows that TG synthesis and accumulation occur under both conditions. We conclude that TG may be a form of energy storage for use during long-term dormancy. Therefore, TG synthesis may be an appropriate target for novel antilatency drugs that can prevent the organism from surviving dormancy and thus assist in the control of tuberculosis.
Journal of Bacteriology 09/2004; 186(15):5017-30. · 3.83 Impact Factor
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Mack R Kuo, Hector R Morbidoni,
David Alland,
Scott F Sneddon,
Brian B Gourlie,
Mark M Staveski,
Marina Leonard,
Jill S Gregory,
Andrew D Janjigian,
Christopher Yee,
James M Musser,
Barry Kreiswirth,
Hiroyuki Iwamoto,
Remo Perozzo,
William R Jacobs,
James C Sacchettini,
David A Fidock
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ABSTRACT: Tuberculosis and malaria together result in an estimated 5 million deaths annually. The spread of multidrug resistance in the most pathogenic causative agents, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum, underscores the need to identify active compounds with novel inhibitory properties. Although genetically unrelated, both organisms use a type II fatty-acid synthase system. Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), a key type II enzyme, has been repeatedly validated as an effective antimicrobial target. Using high throughput inhibitor screens with a combinatorial library, we have identified two novel classes of compounds with activity against the M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum enzyme (referred to as InhA and PfENR, respectively). The crystal structure of InhA complexed with NAD+ and one of the inhibitors was determined to elucidate the mode of binding. Structural analysis of InhA with the broad spectrum antimicrobial triclosan revealed a unique stoichiometry where the enzyme contained either a single triclosan molecule, in a configuration typical of other bacterial ENR:triclosan structures, or harbored two triclosan molecules bound to the active site. Significantly, these compounds do not require activation and are effective against wild-type and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum. Moreover, they provide broader chemical diversity and elucidate key elements of inhibitor binding to InhA for subsequent chemical optimization.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 07/2003; 278(23):20851-9. · 4.77 Impact Factor
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Laurent Kremer,
Lynn G Dover, Hector R Morbidoni,
Catherine Vilchèze,
William N Maughan,
Alain Baulard,
Shiao-Chun Tu,
Nadine Honoré,
Vojo Deretic,
James C Sacchettini,
Camille Locht,
William R Jacobs,
Gurdyal S Besra
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ABSTRACT: Isoniazid (INH) remains one of the key drugs used to control tuberculosis, with the enoyl-AcpM reductase InhA being the primary target. However, based on the observation that INH-treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis overproduces KasA, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, and induces the formation of a covalent complex consisting of AcpM, KasA, and INH, it has been proposed that KasA represents the primary target of INH. However, the relevance of this complex to INH action remains obscure. This study was aimed at clarifying the role of InhA and KasA in relation to INH activity. By using anti-KasA antibodies we detected the KasA-containing complex in INH-treated Mycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, INH-treated cells also produced constant levels of KasA that were not sequestered in the complex and presumably were sufficient to ensure mycolic acid biosynthesis. Interestingly, a furA-lacking strain induced the complex at lower concentrations of INH compared with the control strain, whereas higher INH concentrations were necessary to induce the complex in a strain that lacks katG, suggesting that INH needs to be activated by KatG to induce the KasA-containing complex. The InhA inhibitors ethionamide and diazaborine also induced the complex; thus, its formation was not specifically relevant to INH action but was because of InhA inhibition. In addition, in vitro assays using purified InhA and KasA demonstrated that KatG-activated INH, triclosan, and diazaborine inhibited InhA but not KasA activity. Moreover, several thermosensitive InhA mutant strains of M. smegmatis constitutively expressed the KasA-containing complex. This study provides the biochemical and genetic evidence. 1) Only inhibition of InhA, but not KasA, induces the KasA-containing complex. 2) INH is not part of the complex. 3) INH does not target KasA, consistent with InhA being the primary target of INH.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 07/2003; 278(23):20547-54. · 4.77 Impact Factor
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Mack R. Kuo, Hector R. Morbidoni,
David Alland,
Scott F. Sneddon,
Brian B. Gourlie,
Mark M. Staveski,
Marina Leonard,
Jill S. Gregory,
Andrew D. Janjigian,
Christopher Yee,
James M. Musser,
Barry Kreiswirth,
Hiroyuki Iwamoto,
Remo Perozzo,
Jr. William R. Jacobs,
James C. Sacchettini,
David A. Fidock
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Tuberculosis and malaria together result in an estimated 5 million deaths annually. The spread of multidrug resistance in
the most pathogenic causative agents, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum, underscores the need to identify active compounds with novel inhibitory properties. Although genetically unrelated, both
organisms use a type II fatty-acid synthase system. Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), a key type II enzyme, has
been repeatedly validated as an effective antimicrobial target. Using high throughput inhibitor screens with a combinatorial
library, we have identified two novel classes of compounds with activity against the M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum enzyme (referred to as InhA and PfENR, respectively). The crystal structure of InhA complexed with NAD+ and one of the inhibitors was determined to elucidate the mode of binding. Structural analysis of InhA with the broad spectrum
antimicrobial triclosan revealed a unique stoichiometry where the enzyme contained either a single triclosan molecule, in
a configuration typical of other bacterial ENR:triclosan structures, or harbored two triclosan molecules bound to the active
site. Significantly, these compounds do not require activation and are effective against wild-type and drug-resistant strains
of M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum. Moreover, they provide broader chemical diversity and elucidate key elements of inhibitor binding to InhA for subsequent
chemical optimization.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 06/2003; 278(23):20851-20859. · 4.77 Impact Factor
