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ABSTRACT: To determine effects of syringe type and storage conditions on blood gas and acid-base values for equine blood samples.
Blood samples obtained from 8 healthy horses.
Heparinized jugular venous blood was equilibrated via a tonometer at 37°C with 12% O(2) and 5% CO(2). Aliquots (3 mL) of tonometer-equilibrated blood were collected in random order by use of a glass syringe (GS), general-purpose polypropylene syringe (GPPS), or polypropylene syringe designed for blood gas analysis (PSBGA) and stored in ice water (0°C) or at room temperature (22°C) for 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes. Blood pH was measured, and blood gas analysis was performed; data were analyzed by use of multivariable regression analysis.
Blood Po(2) remained constant for the reference method (GS stored at 0°C) but decreased linearly at a rate of 7.3 mm Hg/h when stored in a GS at 22°C. In contrast, Po(2) increased when blood was stored at 0°C in a GPPS and PSBGA or at 22°C in a GPPS; however, Po(2) did not change when blood was stored at 22°C in a PSBGA. Calculated values for plasma concentration of HCO(3) and total CO(2) concentration remained constant in the 3 syringe types when blood was stored at 22°C for 2 hours but increased when blood was stored in a GS or GPPS at 0°C.
Blood samples for blood gas and acid-base analysis should be collected into a GS and stored at 0°C or collected into a PSBGA and stored at room temperature.
American Journal of Veterinary Research 07/2012; 73(7):979-87. · 1.27 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Abomasal hypomotility is a prerequisite for abomasal displacement in cattle and is present immediately after surgical correction of left displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus. Hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, and hyperinsulinemia should be corrected in cattle suspected to have abomasal hypomotility. The most effective prokinetic for calves and adult cattle suspected to have abomasal hypomotility is erythromycin.
Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 03/2012; 28(1):51-70, viii. · 1.47 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to determine the boron contents of some wild-growing mushrooms collected from the vicinity of several boron mines located in Balikesir, Turkey and compare the boron contents of some mushroom and soil samples. The locations of the mushroom samples collected were within the distance of 0-100, 100-500, and 500-1,000 m to the mines. Soil samples were taken from beneath randomly selected fungal fruit bodies. A total of 40 mushroom samples were found in the study area and 37 different species were identified. Among the 40 samples analyzed, the highest boron content was detected to be 273 mg kg(-1) in Suillus collinitus. Also, Tricholoma terreum (69.52 mg kg(-1)), Myxomphalia maura (36.52 mg kg(-1)), Otidea concinna (30.70 mg kg(-1)), Sepultaria arenosa (28.94 mg kg(-1)), Melanoleuca paedida (28.33 mg kg(-1)), and Lycoperdon lividum (28.31 mg kg(-1)) relatively have high levels of boron and these species are proposed as candidates for boron accumulation. The boron contents of the other mushrooms varied and a pattern was observed where the boron content was found to be decreased as the distance from the mines increased.
Biological trace element research 08/2011; 145(2):233-9. · 1.92 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE-To compare the effects of IV administration of isotonic (1.3%) and hypertonic (8.4%) sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) solutions on acid-base status in dehydrated calves with strong ion (metabolic) acidosis. DESIGN-Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS-50 calves with diarrhea and severe dehydration. PROCEDURES-Calves were randomly assigned to receive isotonic NaHCO(3) solution (65 mL/kg [29.5 mL/lb], IV) over 3 hours (n = 30) or hypertonic NaHCO(3) solution (10 mL/kg [4.5 mL/lb], IV) over 20 minutes (20). Blood samples were collected at 0 hours (immediately prior to solution administration) and at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours after administration began. Samples were submitted for blood gas analysis, serum biochemical analysis, and determination of blood Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) concentrations and percentage change in plasma volume. RESULTS-Calves that received isotonic NaHCO(3) solution had an increase in venous blood pH, HCO(3) concentration, and base excess; a small, transient increase in Po(2); and no change in Pco(2) within 4 hours after administration began. Calves that received hypertonic NaHCO(3) solution had an immediate increase in venous blood pH, HCO(3) concentration, and base excess; a small, transient increase Pco(2); and no change in Po(2) within 0.5 hours after treatment began. Plasma volume increased to a greater extent following administration of isotonic solution than after administration of hypertonic solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-IV administration of 8.4% NaHCO(3) solution in small volumes provided fast and effective improvement of severe acid-base abnormalities in calves with severe strong ion acidosis but did not improve hydration status as well as administration of a larger volume of isotonic NaHCO(3) solution.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 05/2010; 236(10):1098-103. · 1.79 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To determine and compare the effects of 4 oral replacement therapy (ORT) solutions on acid-base balance, abomasal emptying rate, and plasma volume expansion in calves with naturally acquired diarrhea and moderate dehydration.
Prospective study.
20 calves.
20 calves up to 45 days of age were randomly allocated (n = 5/group) to receive 2 L of 1 of 4 treatments via oroesophageal intubation: sodium bicarbonate (150 mmol/L or 300 mmol/L) or sodium acetate (150 mmol/L or 300 mmol/L). The 4 test solutions contained acetaminophen (50 mg/kg [22.7 mg/lb]) and 50 g of glucose monohydrate. Jugular venous blood samples were obtained periodically before and after administration of the ORT solution. Abomasal emptying rate was determined by use of the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration.
Plasma bicarbonate concentration increased more rapidly in calves administered bicarbonate-containing ORT solutions, whereas the rate of systemic alkalinization, as assessed via blood pH, did not differ consistently among treatments. The 300 mmol/L ORT solutions were emptied at a significantly slower rate from the abomasum than 150 mmol/L ORT solutions, with no difference in emptying rate between acetate and bicarbonate-containing ORT solutions of similar molality. The 300 mmol/L sodium acetate ORT solution significantly increased plasma volume.
Clinically important differences in the resuscitative response to 300 mmol/L or 150 mmol/L ORT solutions of sodium acetate or sodium bicarbonate were not identified.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 05/2009; 234(7):926-34. · 1.79 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To determine and compare the abomasal emptying rates in calves suckling milk replacer or an isotonic or hypertonic solution of NaHCO(3) or glucose.
5 male Holstein-Friesian calves that were < 30 days of age.
Calves were fed 2 L of milk replacer or isotonic (300 mOsm/L) or hypertonic (600 mOsm/L) solutions of NaHCO(3) or glucose containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg). Venous blood samples and transabdominal ultrasonographic abomasal dimensions were obtained periodically after feeding, and abomasal luminal pH was continuously monitored by placement of a luminal pH electrode through an abomasal cannula. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration, ultrasonographic determination of the half-time of abomasal emptying, and the time for luminal pH to return to within 1 pH unit of the preprandial value.
Hypertonic NaHCO(3) solution was emptied slower than an isotonic NaHCO(3) solution, isotonic glucose solution was emptied slower than an isotonic NaHCO(3) solution, and hypertonic glucose solution emptied slower than an isotonic glucose solution.
An electrolyte solution for oral administration with a high osmolarity and glucose concentration may lead to a slower resuscitation of dehydrated diarrheic calves because such solutions decrease the abomasal emptying rate and therefore the rate of solution delivery to the small intestine. Whether slowing of the abomasal emptying rate in dehydrated diarrheic calves suckling an oral electrolyte solution is clinically important remains to be determined.
American Journal of Veterinary Research 08/2006; 67(8):1377-84. · 1.27 Impact Factor
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Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 01/2003;
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ABSTRACT: This study was performed to determine the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the serum of neonatal calves with presumed sepsis and determine the correlation between serum concentrations of TNF and the severity and outcome of disease. Thirty-five sick calves < 30 days old that suffered from enteritis, respiratory disease, or both were considered suitable for inclusion in this study by satisfying clinical and laboratory criteria suggestive of septicemia. At admission, blood samples were collected from all calves to determine the prevalence of high concentrations of TNF. The clinical course and outcome of disease then were recorded. Of the 35 calves with presumed sepsis, 10 had high serum TNF concentrations. Scleral injection, weak or absent suckling reflex, sternal or lateral recumbency, unresponsive or comatose state, and death rate of calves with high serum TNF concentration were greater than those values for calves without high serum TNF concentration. Calves with high serum TNF concentration had significantly lower mean IgG (P < .001), globulin (P < .0001), and calcium (P < .0001) concentrations; greater serum creatinine concentrations (P < .0001); and > or = 2+ toxic changes in neutrophils than did calves without high serum TNF concentrations. Mean values for packed cell volume, band neutrophil count, and venous Pco2 were significantly (P < .007) higher in the group of calves with high serum TNF concentration. Results of this study indicate that serum TNF concentration is correlated with clinical criteria of sepsis in neonatal calves. A close association was apparent between disease severity and serum TNF concentrations in this group of calves with presumed septicemia.
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18(2):238-41. · 1.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: 1. ABOMASAL PH A low abomasal luminal pH has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of abomasal ulceration in cattle. Increasing abomasal luminal pH may therefore be of value in treating cattle with abomasal ulceration, and for preventing abomasal ulceration in animals at high risk for ulcer development. A low abomasal pH provides an acidic barrier that offers protection to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract; this barrier function can be described as the "abomasal sterilizer". As luminal pH increases and becomes more alkaline, the survival rate of ingested pathogenic gram-negative bacteria (such as Salmonella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli) increases, thereby increasing the potential risk of small intestinal colonization and diarrhea. A low abomasal pH may therefore be of value in controlling the incidence and severity of diarrhea in neonatal calves (Sen et al. 2006). Milk-fed calves have low luminal pH values in the pre-prandial period (pH < 2.0), with some pH values being < 1.0 (Figure 1). Suckling milk or milk replacer rapidly increases luminal pH to that of the ingested solution (approximately 6.0). After suckling 2 L of milk or milk replacer, abomasal luminal pH remains constant for up to 2 hours (h), and then gradually decreases to pre-prandial values within 7-9 hours (Ahmed et al. 2001, 2002a, 2002b; 2005b; Constable et al. 2005; Marshall et al. 2005).
