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ABSTRACT: Vitamin D deficiency or high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) appear to be emerging risk factors for hypertension. This study examined whether serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and PTH were independently associated with blood pressure and the presence of hypertension or prehypertension among the United States adults.
Cross-sectional data from 7228 participants (aged > or =20 years) in the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The least square means and the regression coefficients of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure across quintiles of serum 25(OH)D and PTH were estimated by conducting multiple linear regression analyses. The adjusted prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals for hypertension and prehypertension were estimated using the log-binomial method.
Among participants not taking blood pressure medications (n = 5414), the mean age- and sex-adjusted systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased linearly across quintiles of serum 25(OH)D but increased linearly across quintiles of serum PTH (P < 0.001 for all); these relationships remained significant even after extensively adjusting for covariates. Similarly, across quintiles of serum 25(OH)D, the age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension and the adjusted prevalence ratios for both hypertension and prehypertension decreased linearly (P < 0.001 for all). In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension increased nonlinearly (P < 0.05 for both) and the adjusted prevalence ratios for hypertension increased linearly across quintiles of serum PTH (P < 0.001).
Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and PTH were independently associated with blood pressure and with the presence of hypertension or prehypertension among the United States adults, though casual relationships remain to be elucidated.
Journal of hypertension 09/2010; 28(9):1821-8. · 4.02 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Various organizations worldwide have made dietary recommendations for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and fish intake that are primarily for coronary disease risk reduction and triglyceride (TG) lowering. Recommendations also have been made for DHA intake for pregnant women, infants, and vegetarians/vegans. A Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), specifically, an Adequate Intake (AI), has been set for alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of The National Academies. This amount is based on an intake that supports normal growth and neural development and results in no nutrient deficiency. Although there is no DRI for EPA and DHA, the National Academies have recommended that approximately 10% of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for ALA can be consumed as EPA and/or DHA. This recommendation represents current mean intake for EPA and DHA in the United States ( approximately 100mg/day), which is much lower than what many groups worldwide are currently recommending. Global recommendations for long-chain omega-3 fatty acids underscore the pressing need to establish DRIs for DHA and EPA because DRIs are recognized as the "official" standard by which federal agencies issue dietary guidance or policy directives for the health and well-being of individuals in the United States and Canada. Because of the many health benefits of DHA and EPA, it is important and timely that the National Academies establish DRIs for the individual long-chain (20 carbons or greater) omega-3 fatty acids.
Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 07/2009; 81(2-3):99-104. · 3.37 Impact Factor
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T D Etherton
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ABSTRACT: From a historical perspective, it is difficult to identify a specific date that launched the field of endocrinology. One "biomarker" of the inception of endocrinology traces back to Ernest Henry Starling, who first introduced the word hormone in a talk given in 1905 at the Royal College of Physicians in London (Starling, 1905). A historical look at the field of endocrine regulation of animal growth since 1905 conveys that countless scientists worldwide worked to advance the scientific evidence base, which led to the commercial development of hormone-based products that enhanced growth and beneficially changed carcass composition of meat animals. This review will discuss some of seminal contributions that include the discovery of hormones (like ST and beta-adrenergic agonists) that have been shown to play key roles in regulating growth and nutrient partitioning of livestock, the mechanisms by which these hormones act, and the development of products for application in animal agriculture.
Journal of Animal Science 06/2009; 87(9):3060-4. · 2.10 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. We previously reported that a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) reduces lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
The objective was to evaluate the effects of a diet high in ALA on serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and cytokine production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subjects fed the experimental diets.
A randomized, controlled, 3-diet, 3-period crossover study design was used. Hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 23) were assigned to 3 experimental diets: a diet high in ALA (ALA diet; 6.5% of energy), a diet high in linoleic acid (LA diet; 12.6% of energy), and an average American diet (AAD) for 6 wk. Serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations and the production of IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha by PBMCs were measured.
IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha production by PBMCs and serum TNF-alpha concentrations were lower (P < 0.05 and P < 0.08, respectively) with the ALA diet than with the LA diet or AAD. PBMC production of TNF-alpha was inversely correlated with ALA (r = -0.402, P = 0.07) and with eicosapentaenoic acid (r = -0.476, P = 0.03) concentrations in PBMC lipids with the ALA diet. Changes in serum ALA were inversely correlated with changes in TNF-alpha produced by PBMCs (r = -0.423, P < 0.05).
Increased intakes of dietary ALA elicit antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha production in cultured PBMCs. Changes in PBMC ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid (derived from dietary ALA) are associated with beneficial changes in TNF-alpha release. Thus, the cardioprotective effects of ALA are mediated in part by a reduction in the production of inflammatory cytokines.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 02/2007; 85(2):385-91. · 6.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Individual FA have diverse biological effects, some of which affect the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the context of food-based dietary guidance designed to reduce CVD risk, fat and FA recommendations focus on reducing saturated FA (SFA) and trans FA (TFA), and ensuring an adequate intake of unsaturated FA. Because stearic acid shares many physical properties with the other long-chain SFA but has different physiological effects, it is being evaluated as a substitute for TFA in food manufacturing. For stearic acid to become the primary replacement for TFA, it is essential that its physical properties and biological effects be well understood.
Lipids 01/2006; 40(12):1193-200. · 2.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of individual PUFAs on LDL receptor (LDLr) expression in human fibroblasts and HepG2 cells, and to evaluate whether acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) were involved in the regulation of LDLr expression by fatty acids. When fibroblasts and HepG2 cells were cultured with serum-free defined medium for 48 h, there was a 3- to 5-fold (P < 0.05) increase in LDLr protein and mRNA levels. Incubation of fibroblasts and HepG2 cells in serum-free medium supplemented with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OH-cholesterol, 5 mg/L) for 24 h decreased LDLr protein and mRNA levels by 50-90% (P < 0.05). Arachidonic acid [AA, 20:4(n-6)], EPA [20:5(n-3)], and DHA [22:6(n-3)] antagonized the depression of LDLr gene expression by 25OH-cholesterol and increased LDLr protein abundance 1- to 3-fold (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on LDLr mRNA levels. Oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and alpha-linolenic acids [18:3(n-3)] did not significantly affect LDLr expression. ACAT inhibitor (58-035, 1 mg/L) attenuated the regulatory effect of AA on LDLr protein abundance by approximately 40% (P < 0.05), but did not modify the regulatory effects of other unsaturated fatty acids in HepG2 cells. The present results suggest that AA, EPA, and DHA increase LDLr protein levels, and that ACAT plays a role in modulating the effects of AA on LDLr protein levels. Furthermore, the effects of the fatty acids appeared to be independent of any change in SREBP-1 protein.
Journal of Nutrition 12/2005; 135(11):2541-5. · 3.92 Impact Factor
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Zhao Guixiang, Terry D. Etherton,
Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
Keith R. Martin,
John P. Vanden Heuvel,
Peter J. Gillies,
Sheila G. West,
Penny M. Kris-Etherton
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ABSTRACT: The effects of linoleic acid (LA), {alpha}-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were compared to that of palmitic acid (PA), on inflammatory responses in human monocytic THP-1 cells. When cells were pre-incubated with fatty acids for 2-h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide for 24-h in the presence of fatty acids, secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1{beta}, and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} (TNF{alpha}) was significantly decreased after treatment with LA, ALA, and DHA versus PA (P < 0.01 for all); ALA and DHA elicited more favorable effects. These effects were comparable to those for 15-deoxy-{delta}{sup 12,14}-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and were dose-dependent. In addition, LA, ALA, and DHA decreased IL-6, IL-1{beta}, and TNF{alpha} gene expression (P < 0.05 for all) and nuclear factor (NF)-{kappa}B DNA-binding activity, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} (PPAR{gamma}) DNA-binding activity was increased. The results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids may be, in part, due to the inhibition of NF-{kappa}B activation via activation of PPAR{gamma}.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 10/2005; 336(3). · 2.48 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, possibly by favorably changing vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Inflammatory markers and lipids and lipoproteins were assessed in hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 23) fed 2 diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and high in PUFA varying in ALA (ALA Diet) and linoleic acid (LA Diet) compared with an average American diet (AAD). The ALA Diet provided 17% energy from PUFA (10.5% LA; 6.5% ALA); the LA Diet provided 16.4% energy from PUFA (12.6% LA; 3.6% ALA); and the AAD provided 8.7% energy from PUFA (7.7% LA; 0.8% ALA). The ALA Diet decreased C-reactive protein (CRP, P < 0.01), whereas the LA Diet tended to decrease CRP (P = 0.08). Although the 2 high-PUFA diets similarly decreased intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 vs. AAD (-19.1% by the ALA Diet, P < 0.01; -11.0% by the LA Diet, P < 0.01), the ALA Diet decreased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, -15.6% vs. -3.1%, P < 0.01) and E-selectin (-14.6% vs. -8.1%, P < 0.01) more than the LA Diet. Changes in CRP and VCAM-1 were inversely associated with changes in serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (r = -0.496, P = 0.016; r = -0.418, P = 0.047), or EPA plus docosapentaenoic acid (r = -0.409, P = 0.053; r = -0.357, P = 0.091) after subjects consumed the ALA Diet. The 2 high-PUFA diets decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides similarly (P < 0.05); the ALA Diet decreased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI compared with the AAD (P < 0.05). ALA appears to decrease CVD risk by inhibiting vascular inflammation and endothelial activation beyond its lipid-lowering effects.
Journal of Nutrition 11/2004; 134(11):2991-7. · 3.92 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) exerts anticarcinogenic and antiatherosclerotic effects in animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of CLA on LDL receptor (LDLr) expression in HepG2 cells, and to evaluate whether the sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) were involved in the regulation of LDLr expression by CLA. When HepG2 cells were cultured with serum-free DMEM for 48 h, there was a three- to fivefold (P<0.05) increase in LDLr protein and mRNA levels. Incubation of HepG2 cells in serum-free medium supplemented with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OH, 5 mg/L) for 24 h decreased LDLr protein and mRNA by 50-70% (P<0.05) and mature SREBP-1 by 20-40% (P<0.05). CLA, but not linoleic acid, antagonized the depressive effects of 25OH and increased both LDLr protein and mRNA abundance twofold (P<0.05). LDLr protein and mRNA abundance were not different when HepG2 cells were cultured with CLA (0.4 mmol/L) plus 25OH in the presence or absence of an ACAT inhibitor (58-035, 1 mg/L). Furthermore, CLA had no effect on SREBP-1 abundance. These results suggest that CLA upregulates LDLr expression via a mechanism that is independent of ACAT and SREBP-1.
Journal of Nutrition 01/2004; 134(1):68-71. · 3.92 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: "Bioactive compounds" are extranutritional constituents that typically occur in small quantities in foods. They are being intensively studied to evaluate their effects on health. The impetus sparking this scientific inquiry was the result of many epidemiologic studies that have shown protective effects of plant-based diets on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Many bioactive compounds have been discovered. These compounds vary widely in chemical structure and function and are grouped accordingly. Phenolic compounds, including their subcategory, flavonoids, are present in all plants and have been studied extensively in cereals, legumes, nuts, olive oil, vegetables, fruits, tea, and red wine. Many phenolic compounds have antioxidant properties, and some studies have demonstrated favorable effects on thrombosis and tumorogenesis and promotion. Although some epidemiologic studies have reported protective associations between flavonoids or other phenolics and CVD and cancer, other studies have not found these associations. Various phytoestrogens are present in soy, but also in flaxseed oil, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. They have antioxidant properties, and some studies demonstrated favorable effects on other CVD risk factors, and in animal and cell culture models of cancer. However, because phytoestrogens act both as partial estrogen agonists and antagonists, their effects on cancer are likely complex. Hydroxytyrosol, one of many phenolics in olives and olive oil, is a potent antioxidant. Resveratrol, found in nuts and red wine, has antioxidant, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, and inhibits carcinogenesis. Lycopene, a potent antioxidant carotenoid in tomatoes and other fruits, is thought to protect against prostate and other cancers, and inhibits tumor cell growth in animals. Organosulfur compounds in garlic and onions, isothiocyanates in cruciferous vegetables, and monoterpenes in citrus fruits, cherries, and herbs have anticarcinogenic actions in experimental models, as well as cardioprotective effects. In summary, numerous bioactive compounds appear to have beneficial health effects. Much scientific research needs to be conducted before we can begin to make science-based dietary recommendations. Despite this, there is sufficient evidence to recommend consuming food sources rich in bioactive compounds. From a practical perspective, this translates to recommending a diet rich in a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, oils, and nuts.
The American Journal of Medicine 01/2003; 113 Suppl 9B:71S-88S. · 5.43 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To discuss new evidence-based dietary recommendations founded on an inclusive food strategy and to address the challenges that are posed by integrating a growing list of heart healthy foods into the diet without increasing energy intake beyond that required to achieve a healthy body weight.
New food-based dietary recommendations issued by the American Heart Association with the objective of reducing risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) promote an inclusionary approach. The American Heart Association recommends a variety of foods to target four major goals: achieve a healthy overall diet, achieve a healthy weight, promote desirable lipid levels, and promote desirable blood pressure. Specific foods recommended include fruits and vegetables, grain products (including whole grains), fish, lean meat and poultry, fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and legumes. In addition, the new National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III recommends reductions in saturated fat and cholesterol and therapeutic dietary options for enhancing LDL-cholesterol lowering, with inclusion of plant stanols/sterols (2 g/day) and increased viscous (soluble) fiber (10-25 g/day). In parallel with the evolution of new dietary recommendations is the expanding list of specific foods that have cardioprotective effects. Additional foods on this list are nuts, soy, legumes, alcohol, tea, and garlic.
It will be challenging to include all foods that reduce CVD risk in the diet and still maintain energy control. Strategies are needed that facilitate developing heart healthy dietary patterns that maximally reduce CVD risk.
Current Opinion in Lipidology 09/2002; 13(4):397-407. · 6.09 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: It is clear that there are remarkably diverse biological effects elicited by the individual fatty acids found commonly in the diet. Some fatty acids increase risk factors for certain chronic diseases whereas others are protective. This article discusses our present understanding of how fatty acids affect risk factors for important chronic diseases.
(C) Williams & Wilkins 1996. All Rights Reserved.
Nutrition Today 04/1996; 31(3).
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ABSTRACT: Linolenic acid (ALA) reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, possibly by favorably changing vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Inflammatory markers and lipids and lipoproteins were as- sessed in hypercholesterolemic subjects (n 23) fed 2 diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and high in PUFA varying in ALA (ALA Diet) and linoleic acid (LA Diet) compared with an average American diet (AAD). The ALA Diet provided 17% energy from PUFA (10.5% LA; 6.5% ALA); the LA Diet provided 16.4% energy from PUFA (12.6% LA; 3.6% ALA); and the AAD provided 8.7% energy from PUFA (7.7% LA; 0.8% ALA). The ALA Diet decreased C-reactive protein (CRP, P 0.01), whereas the LA Diet tended to decrease CRP (P 0.08). Although the 2 high-PUFA diets similarly decreased intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 vs. AAD (19.1% by the ALA Diet, P 0.01; 11.0% by the LA Diet, P 0.01), the ALA Diet decreased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, 15.6% vs. 3.1%, P 0.01) and E-selectin (14.6% vs. 8.1%, P 0.01) more than the LA Diet. Changes in CRP and VCAM-1 were inversely associated with changes in serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (r 0.496, P 0.016; r 0.418, P 0.047), or EPA plus docosapentaenoic acid (r 0.409, P 0.053; r 0.357, P 0.091) after subjects consumed the ALA Diet. The 2 high-PUFA diets decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides similarly (P 0.05); the ALA Diet decreased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI compared with the AAD (P 0.05). ALA appears to decrease CVD risk by inhibiting vascular inflammation and endothelial activation beyond its lipid-lowering effects. J. Nutr. 134: 2991-2997, 2004.
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ABSTRACT: The present study examined the effects of reducing dietary total fat and saturated fat (SFA) on LDL oxidative susceptibility in 27 healthy men and women (age 24 - 65 y). Each subject consumed each of three diets for 8 wk: an average American diet (AAD, 34% energy from fat, 15% from SFA), a Step-1 diet (29% fat, 9% SFA) and a very low SFA diet (Low-Sat, 25% fat, 6% SFA). In vitro LDL oxidation was assessed by copper-mediated oxidation, as measured by the kinetics of conjugated diene formation and lipid peroxide formation. Compared with the AAD, plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol levels were 8% lower (P 5 0.16 and P 5 0.11, respectively), in subjects when they consumed the Step-1 diet and 11% (P , 0.03) and 14% (P , 0.057) lower, respectively, when they consumed the Low-Sat diet. Conjugated diene production and oxidation rate were 7% (P , 0.05) and 9% (P , 0.05) lower, respectively. The reduction of lipid peroxide formation was 9% (P , 0.05) in subjects when they consumed the Low-Sat diet vs. the AAD. In addition, lipid peroxide and conjugated diene formation were positively correlated with plasma total and LDL-C and apolipoprotein B (apo B) levels (r 5 0.5- 0.6, P , 0.001), suggesting that quantity of LDL is an important determinant of oxidative modification. Furthermore, at the same level of apo B or LDL-C, LDL from subjects when they consumed either Step-1 or Low-Sat diets was less susceptible (P , 0.05) to oxidation than those when they consumed the AAD, suggesting that qualitative changes also affect LDL oxidative susceptibility. Therefore, the benefits of lowering dietary SFA may extend beyond decreasing LDL-C levels and include favorable qualitative changes in LDL that further decrease risk of coronary heart disease. J. Nutr. 130: 2228 -2237, 2000.
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ABSTRACT: Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipopro- teins were measured in 123 female and 57 male Mvskoke Indians, a population of American Indians with a high prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Dietary patterns were assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. There were no differences in total cholesterol, low-density-lipo- protein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density-lipoprotein choles- terol (HDL-C), apolipoproteins A-I or B in female Indians with and without diabetes. In males with diabetes, however, LDL-C was lower. Triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose were higher in subjects with diabetes. Total cholesterol and LDL-C were lower and HDL-C was higher than age and sex-matched Lipid Research Clinics values, especially for subjects with diabetes. This is surprising given that the diet of Mvskoke Indians contains foods high in total fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. We conclude that the plasma lipoprotein profile of Mvskoke Indians may explain, in part, the low incidence of coronary heart disease in this population. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:847-52.
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ABSTRACT: In the present study we used regression anal- yses to evaluate the effects of stearic acid (18:0) on total cholesterol (IC), low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentra- tions (rnrnol/L). Using data from 18 articles, we developed the following predictive equations (monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs; polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs): �TC = 0.0522�12:0-16:0 - 0.0008M8:0 - 0.0124 �MUFA - 0.0248 iPUFA; tLDL-C = 0.0378z�12:0-16:0 + 0.0018M8:0 - 0.0178zMUFA - 0.0248zPUFA; �HDL-C = 0.0160M2:0-16:0 - 0.0016M8:0 + 0.0101�MUFA + 0.0062LPUFA. Our analyses revealed that unlike the other long-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs), steanic acid had no effect on IC and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in men and women. MUFAS elicited an independent hypocholester- olemic effect that we believe is due to the small amount of 12:0-16:0 in the experimental diets evaluated. The observation that steanic acid has unique effects on IC, LDL-C, and HDL-C provides additional compelling evidence that it be distin- guished from the other major SFAS in blood cholesterol pre- dictive equations. Am J Clin Nutrl99S;61:1 129-39.
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ABSTRACT: We are transiting a time in which advances in plant molecular biology and genetics have resulted in a remarkable array of oils and fats that have a modified fatty acid profile, compared to the parent stock variety. The rapid evolution of modified oils and fats poses challenges for keeping nutrient databases current as well as deciphering what new fats/oils are used, from the standpoint of diet assessment and, in particular, collecting accurate dietary data. The expanding array of modified fats and oils has been designed to have greater shelf stability due to an increase in monounsaturated fat and enhanced health benefits due to a reduction in trans fat. The effects of oilseeds reduced in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on health outcomes need to be evaluated since diets rich in ALA have many health benefits.
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis.
