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ABSTRACT: A sensitive procedure, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-μ-SPE), was developed to extract N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other six volatile N-nitrosamines (NAms) from meat products. Parameters affecting the efficiency of MAE and D-μ-SPE were systematically investigated. For MAE, 5-g of a homogenised meat sample was extracted with 30mL of a sodium hydroxide (0.025M) solution at 100°C for 10min. The optimum D-μ-SPE conditions were immersing 100mg of Carboxen™ 1000 adsorbent in the MAE extract. After vigorously shaking for 30min, the NAms were then desorbed by treatment with 200μL of dichloromethane. A 10μL aliquot was determined by gas chromatography with chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-CI-MS) using the selected-ion-storage (SIS) mode. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.03-0.36ng/g. Preliminary results revealed that NDMA was present in the highest concentration, ranging from 0.8 to 3.2ng/g.
Food Chemistry 05/2013; 138(1):227-33. · 3.65 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A rapid and solvent-free procedure for the determination of 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol isomers in aqueous samples is described. The method involves in-situ acetylation and microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction prior to their determination using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion storage mode. The dual experimental protocols to evaluate the effects of various derivatization and extraction parameters were investigated and the conditions optimized. Under optimized conditions, 300 μL of acetic anhydride mixed with 1 g of potassium hydrogencarbonate and 2 g of sodium chloride in a 20 mL aqueous sample were efficiently extracted by a 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber that was located in the headspace when the system was microwave irradiated at 80 W for 5 min. The limits of quantitation were 5 and 50 ng/L for 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol isomers, respectively. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations, were less than 8% for both intra- and inter-day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 74 to 88%. A standard addition method was used to quantitate 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol isomers, and the concentrations ranged from 120 to 930 ng/L in various environmental water samples.
Journal of Separation Science 08/2012; 35(16):2122-30. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A simple sample pretreatment technique, dispersive micro-solid phase extraction, was applied for the extraction of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other four N-nitrosamines (NAs) from samples of swimming pool water. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were systematically investigated. The best extraction conditions involved immersing 75 mg of carbon molecular sieve, Carboxen™ 1003 (as an adsorbent), in a 50-mL water sample (pH 7.0) containing 5% sodium chloride in a sample tube. After 20 min of extraction by vigorous shaking, the adsorbent was collected on a filter and the NAs desorbed by treatment with 150 μL of dichloromethane. A 10-μL aliquot was then directly determined by large-volume injection gas chromatography with chemical ionization mass spectrometry using the selected ion storage mode. The limits of quantitation were <0.9 ng/L. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations, were <8% for both intra- and inter-day analyses. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 62% and 109%. A preliminary analysis of swimming pool water samples revealed that NDMA was present in the highest concentration, in the range from n.d. to 100 ng/L.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 02/2012; 402(6):2209-16. · 3.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A simple and solvent-minimized method for the determination of three aqueous fullerene aggregates (nC₆₀, nC₇₀, and aqueous [6,6]-phenyl C₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester (nPCBM)) in water samples is described. The method involves the use of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) coupled liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization (LC-APPI-MS/MS). The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the analytes from water samples were systematically investigated and the conditions optimized. The best extraction conditions involved the rapid injection of a mixture of 1.0 mL of 2-propanol (as a disperser solvent) and 10 μL of benzyl bromide (as an extraction solvent) into 10 mL of an aqueous solution (pH 10.0) containing 1% sodium chloride in a conical bottom glass tube. After ultrasonication for 1.0 min and centrifugation at 5000 pm (10 min), the sedimented phase 5.0 μL was directly injected into the LC-APPI-MS/MS system. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 150, 60 and 8 ng L⁻¹ for nPCBM, nC₆₀ and nC₇₀, respectively. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), were less than 12% for both intra- and inter-day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 70 and 86%. A standard addition method was used to quantitate three aqueous fullerene aggregates, and the concentrations of these aqueous fullerene aggregates were determined to be in the range from n.d. to 130 ng L⁻¹ in various environmental samples including municipal influent and effluent samples, industrial wastewater samples, and surface water samples.
Journal of chromatography. A 12/2011; 1223:15-23. · 4.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A simple and solvent-minimized procedure for the determination of six commonly found synthetic polycyclic musks in aqueous samples using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of analytes from water samples were systematically investigated. The best extraction conditions involved the rapid injection of a mixture of 1.0 mL of isopropyl alcohol (as a dispersant) and 10 μL of carbon tetrachloride (as an extractant) into 10 mL of water containing 0.5 g of sodium chloride in a conical-bottom glass tube. After ultrasonication for 1.0 min and centrifugation at 5,000 rpm (10 min), the sedimented phase 1.0 μL was directly injected into the GC-MS system. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were less than 0.6 ng/L. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), was less than 11% for both intra- and interday analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 71 and 104%. Their total concentrations were determined in the range from 8.3 to 63.9 ng/L in various environmental samples by using a standard addition method.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 12/2011; 402(4):1723-30. · 3.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The rapid and solvent-free determination of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in aqueous samples via one-step microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is described. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) were selected as model compounds for the method of development and validation. The effects of various extraction parameters for the quantitative extraction of these analytes by MA-HS-SPME were systematically investigated and optimized. The analytes, in a 20 mL water sample (in a 40 mL sample bottle containing 2g of NaCl, pH 3.0), were efficiently extracted by a polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber placed in the headspace when the system was microwave irradiated at 140 W for 5 min. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for TnBP and TEHP were 0.5 and 4 ng/L, respectively. Using the standard addition method, MA-HS-SPME coupled with GC-MS was utilized to determine selected OPEs in surface water and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) influent/effluent samples. Preliminary results show that TnBP was commonly detected OPEs in these aqueous samples, the correlation coefficients (r(2)) of the standard addition curves were greater than 0.9822, indicating that the developed method appears to be a good alternative technique for analyzing OPEs in aqueous samples.
Talanta 04/2011; 84(2):406-10. · 3.79 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An efficient and eco-friendly injection-port tert-butyldimethylsilylated (TBDMS) derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were developed to determine an antibacterial agent, triclosan (TCS), and its metabolite: methyltriclosan (MTCS), in wastewater and surface water samples. The effects of several parameters related to the TBDMS-derivatization process (i.e., injection-port temperature, residence time and volume of silylating agent) were investigated. This on-line derivatization-coupled large-volume (10 µL) sample introduction provides sensitive, fast and reproducible results for TCS residue analyses. Each water sample was extracted by reversed-phase C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and then the recovery efficiency was evaluated using various eluting solutions. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) for MTCS and TCS were 3.0 and 1.0 ng/L in 100 mL of water samples, respectively. Intra- and inter-batch precision with their accuracy were also investigated. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), proved to be less than 7 and 11%, respectively, for intra- and inter-batch. Accuracy, expressed as the mean recovery, was between 80 and 95%. The method was then applied to environmental water samples, showing the occurrence of TCS in both surface water and municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) influent/effluent samples.
Analytical Sciences 01/2011; 27(2):197-202. · 1.25 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A reliable, sensitive and eco-friendly injection-port trimethylsilylated (TMS) derivatization and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with furan chemical ionization (furan-CI) method was developed to determine melamine and cyanuric acid in powdered milk samples. The effects of several parameters related to the TMS-derivatization process (i.e., injection-port temperature, residence time and volume of silylating agent) and of various CI agents were investigated. Addition of a solution (3 μL) of bis(trimethyl)silyltrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) reagent to a 20-μL extract from the powdered milk sample gave an excellent yield of the tris-TMS-derivatives of melamine and cyanuric acid at an injection-port temperature of 90°C. Furthermore, using furan as the CI agent in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry provided the greatest sensitivity and selectivity of detection. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for melamine and cyanuric acid were 0.5 and 1.0 ng/g in 0.5-g of powdered milk samples, respectively. The recoveries from spiked samples--after simple ultra-sonication with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide in acetonitrile coupled with n-hexane liquid-liquid extraction--ranged from 72% to 93% with relative standard deviations of lower than or equal to 18%. In three of four real powdered milk samples, melamine was detected at concentrations ranging from 36 to 1460 ng/g; and cyanuric acid was detected in two of these samples at concentrations of 17 and 180 ng/g.
Journal of chromatography. A 10/2010; 1217(40):6267-73. · 4.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: One-step in situ microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is presented as a fast and solvent-free technique to determine synthetic polycyclic musks in sewage sludge and sediment samples. Six synthetic polycyclic musks (galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), celestolide (ADBI), traseolide (ATII), cashmeran (DPMI) and phantolide (AHMI)) were selected in the method development and validation. The effects of extraction parameters for the quantitative extraction of these analytes by one-step MA-HS-SPME were systematically investigated. The dewatered solid sample mixed with 20-mL deionized water (containing 3 g of NaCl in a 40-mL sample-vial) was efficiently extracted by a polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber placed in the headspace when the extraction slurry was microwave irradiated at 80 W for 5 min. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.04 to 0.1 ng/g, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ng/g (fresh weight). A preliminary analysis of sludge and sediment samples revealed that HHCB and AHTN were the two most commonly detected synthetic polycyclic musks; using a standard addition method, their total concentrations were determined to range from 0.3 to 10.9 ng/g (fresh weight) with relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 4% to 10%.
Journal of chromatography. A 03/2010; 1217(17):2776-81. · 4.19 Impact Factor
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Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 02/2010; · 3.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A rapid and environmental-friendly injection-port derivatization with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed to determine selected low-molecular weight (LMW) dicarboxylic acids (from C2 to C10) in atmospheric aerosol samples. The parameters related to the derivatization process (i.e., type of ion-pair reagent, injection-port temperature and concentration of ion-pair reagent) were optimized. Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA-OH) 20 mM in methanol gave excellent yield for di-butyl ester dicarboxylate derivatives at injection-port temperature at 300 degrees C. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) method instead of rotary evaporation was used to concentrate analytes from filter extracts. The recovery from filter extracts ranged from 78 to 95% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 12%. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 25 to 250 pg/m(3). The concentrations of di-carboxylated C2-C5 and total C6-C10 in particles of atmospheric aerosols ranged from 91.9 to 240, 11.3 to 56.7, 9.2 to 49.2, 8.7 to 35.3 and n.d. to 37.8 ng/m(3), respectively. Oxalic acid (C2) was the dominant LMW-dicarboxylic acids detected in aerosol samples. The quantitative results were comparable to the results obtained by the off-line derivatization.
Talanta 12/2009; 80(2):1025-8. · 3.79 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This paper describes a rapid and solvent-free method, microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME), for the extraction of six commonly used synthetic polycyclic musks: galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), celestolide (ADBI), traseolide (ATII), cashmeran (DPMI) and phantolide (AHMI) from water samples prior to their determination using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of various extraction parameters for the quantitative extraction of these analytes by MA-HS-SPME were systematically investigated and optimized. The analytes in a 20-mL water sample (in a 40-mL sample-vial containing 4 g of NaCl) were efficiently extracted by a polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber placed in the headspace when the system was microwave irradiated at 180 W for less than 4 min. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 ng/L, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were less than 0.2 ng/L. A preliminary analysis of wastewater samples revealed that HHCB and AHTN were the two most commonly detected synthetic polycyclic musks; using a standard addition method, their concentration were determined to range from 1.2 to 37.3 ng/L with relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 2 to 6%. The results obtained using this approach are better than those from the conventional oil-bath HS-SPME.
Journal of chromatography. A 09/2009; 1216(40):6858-63. · 4.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) procedure coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) has been developed to determine five organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in marine and river sediments. The effects of various operating parameters on the quantitative extraction of the OPFRs through MAE were systematically investigated. Selected OPFRs were extracted from the sediments through MAE using 40 mL of acetone at 120 degrees C for 20 min. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 ng/g (dry weight) in 2 g of the sediment samples. Moreover, as the chlorinated alkyl phosphates present no molecular ions in EI, GC-MS with furan-CI (furan-CI) was applied to confirm their determination in complex environmental samples. The recoveries of the selected OPFRs in spiked sediment samples ranged from 62% to 106% (relative standard derivation, 1-11%). The total concentrations of the selected OPFR residues in marine and river sediments ranged from 1.0 to 12.6 ng/g.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 09/2009; 395(7):2325-34. · 3.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) procedure coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-ion-trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-ITMS) has been evaluated to determine hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD) in marine sediments. The composition of the LC mobile phase (consisting of water, methanol and acetonitrile) and the parameters of electrospray ionization (ESI) were evaluated to obtain chromatographic baseline separation and high sensitivity for the detection of these diastereoisomers. The effects of various operating parameters on the quantitative extraction of the HBCDs through MAE were systematically investigated. The three diastereoisomers were then quantitated by HPLC-ITMS employing ESI operated in the negative ionization mode. The HBCDs were extracted from the sediments through MAE using 40mL of acetone/n-hexane (1/3, v/v) at 90 degrees C for 12min. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 25 to 40pg/g (dry weight) in 5g of the sediment samples. The recoveries of the HBCDs in spiked sediment samples ranged from 68 to 91% (relative standard derivation: 2-11%). The extraction efficiency of the MAE technique was also compared with Soxhlet extraction and pressurized liquid extraction.
Journal of chromatography. A 09/2009; 1216(45):7755-60. · 4.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This paper describes the analysis of perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) in surface water samples by a rapid and reliable ion-pair hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) method coupled with flow-injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS) technique. The effects of the type and concentration of ion-pairing reagents, extraction time, temperature and pH value on the quantitative extraction of perchlorate by ion-pair HF-LPME were investigated and optimized. Di-n-hexyl ammonium acetate (DHAA) was employed to form an extractable ion-pair complex with aqueous perchlorate. The characteristic ions [ClO(4)-ClO(4)-DHA](-) at m/z 384.6 and 386.7 were observed in the ESI negative-ionization mode. The predominant product ions [ClO(4)](-) at m/z 99 and 101 were used for quantitation and to maximize the detection selectivity and sensitivity. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5 microg/L. The reliability and precision of the standard addition method of ion-pair HF-LPME for the determination of trace levels of perchlorate in surface water were demonstrated.
Talanta 08/2009; 79(2):442-5. · 3.79 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Previous studies showed that mammalian galectin-1 (GAL1) could interact with chitosan or chitin, one component of the peritrophic membrane (PM). This finding suggests that the PM could be a target of GAL1, which prompted the authors to explore the effect of GAL1 on larval growth and its potential mechanism.
The development of Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae was significantly disturbed after they were fed recombinant GAL1. The histochemical structure and immunostaining pattern suggested that GAL1 treatment resulted in dose- and time-dependent disruption of the microvilli and abnormalities in these epithelial cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that the PM was not present in the midgut of GAL1-treated insects; instead, numerous bacteria were found in the lumen area. These results indicate that the protective function of the PM was disrupted by GAL1 treatment. Moreover, in vitro data showed that GAL1 interacts with chitosan/chitin in a dose-dependent manner, and also specifically binds to the PM in vitro.
In view of the fact that the carbohydrate recognition domain of GAL1 recognises the structural motif N-acetyl lactosamine (Gal beta 1-4 GlcNAc), which is similar to that of chitin (beta-1,4 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine), it is proposed that the insecticidal mechanism of GAL1 involves direct binding with chitin to interfere with the structure of the PM.
Pest Management Science 06/2009; 65(8):923-30. · 2.25 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Two complementary LC-MS ionization methods, electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), have been optimized to determine three natural estrogenic compounds (estrone, 17beta-estradiol and estriol) and two synthetic estrogenic compounds (17alpha-ethynylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol) in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The wastewater samples were first subjected to solid-phase extraction coupled with desalting extraction to remove matrix interference. The analytes were then detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with ESI and dopant-assisted (DA) APPI to evaluate the ion suppression effect and to complement the detection and quantification of estrogenic compounds in complex wastewater samples. The average ion suppression factors for the extracts of the WWTP influent analyzed using ESI and APPI were 52+/-5% and 27+/-7%, respectively. The sensitivity and ionization efficiency of the LC-ESI-MS-MS system decreased dramatically when a complex matrix was present in the WWTP influent sample. Estrogenic compounds could be detected in the WWTP influent and effluent samples at concentrations below the parts-per-billion level. The lower detection limits obtained when using ESI and the higher matrix tolerance of the APPI method allowed the complete quantification of estrogenic compounds in very complex samples in a complementary manner.
Chemosphere 12/2008; 74(4):508-14. · 3.21 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Resistin is known as an adipocyte-specific secretory hormone that can cause insulin resistance and decrease adipocyte differentiation. It can be regulated by sexual hormones. Whether environmental estrogens regulate the production of resistin is still not clear. Using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we found that octylphenol upregulated resistin mRNA expression in dose- and time-dependent manners. The concentration of octylphenol that increased resistin mRNA levels by 50% was approximately 100 nM within 6 h of treatment. The basal half-life of resistin mRNA induced by actinomycin D was lengthened by octylphenol treatment, suggesting that octylphenol decreases the rate of resistin mRNA degradation. In addition, octylphenol stimulated resistin protein expression and release. The basal half-life of resistin protein induced by cycloheximide was lengthened by octylphenol treatment, suggesting that octylphenol decreases the rate of resistin protein degradation. While octylphenol was shown to increase activities of the estrogen receptor (ER) and MEK1, signaling was demonstrated to be blocked by pretreatment with either ICI-182780 (an ERalpha antagonist) or U-0126 (a MEK1 inhibitor), in which both inhibitors prevented octylphenol-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK. These results imply that ERalpha and ERK are necessary for the octylphenol stimulation of resistin mRNA expression. Moreover, U-0126 antagonized the octylphenol-increased resistin protein expression and release. These data suggest that the way octylphenol signaling increases resistin protein levels is similar to that by which it increases resistin mRNA levels; it is likely mediated through an ERK-dependent pathway. In vivo, octylphenol increased adipose resistin mRNA expression and serum resistin and glucose levels, supporting its in vitro effect.
AJP Cell Physiology 07/2008; 294(6):C1542-51. · 3.54 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To establish their environmental concentrations and to support surface water protection programs, we have undertaken a preliminary study of the concentrations of selected acidic and neutral pharmaceutical residues (clofibric acid, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and carbamazepine) in Taiwanese river and wastewater samples. These pharmaceutical residues were extracted from the water samples through the Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE). The analytes were then identified and quantified using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry with dual-polarity electrospray ionization in the product ion scan mode. The limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.5 and 20 ngl(-1) for 250 ml samples of water. We investigated the intra- and interbatch precision and accuracy at two levels of concentration. The selected analytes were detected at concentrations ranging from <0.5 to 960 ngl(-1) in wastewater treatment plant effluents and river water samples.
Chemosphere 06/2008; 72(6):863-9. · 3.21 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This paper describes a simple and sensitive method for determining alkylphenols namely 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and the isomers of 4-nonylphenol (4-NPs) present in various types of baby-food purees. The method involves extracting a sample with n-hexane for 1h using a modified Nielson-Kryger steam distillation extraction system and then identifying and quantitating the alkylphenols using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) operated in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The extraction conditions were evaluated at various values of pH of the sample solution. The limits of quantitation for this method were 0.2 ng/g from 1.0 g (wet weight) samples of 4-t-OP and the 4-NPs. The intra- and interbatch precisions and accuracies were also determined. The precision, in terms of the relative standard deviation (RSD), were less than 8%. Most of the recoveries of the alkylphenols from various spiked samples exceeded 60%, while the values of RSD ranged from 1% to 10%. Alkylphenol residues were detected in baby-food purees at concentrations of up to 19 ng/g (wet weight) for 4-t-OP and up to 21 ng/g (wet weight) for the 4-NPs.
Food and Chemical Toxicology 03/2008; 46(2):803-7. · 3.00 Impact Factor
