Article

Altered inactivation pathway of factor Va by activated protein C in the presence of heparin.

Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands.
European Journal of Biochemistry (impact factor: 3.58). 08/2004; 271(13):2724-36. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04201.x pp.2724-36
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Inactivation of factor Va (FVa) by activated protein C (APC) is a predominant mechanism in the down-regulation of thrombin generation. In normal FVa, APC-mediated inactivation occurs after cleavage at Arg306 (with corresponding rate constant k'306) or after cleavage at Arg506 (k506) and subsequent cleavage at Arg306 (k306). We have studied the influence of heparin on APC-catalyzed FVa inactivation by kinetic analysis of the time courses of inactivation. Peptide bond cleavage was identified by Western blotting using FV-specific antibodies. In normal FVa, unfractionated heparin (UFH) was found to inhibit cleavage at Arg506 in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal inhibition of k506 by UFH was 12-fold, with the secondary cleavage at Arg306 (k306) being virtually unaffected. In contrast, UFH stimulated the initial cleavage at Arg306 (k'306) two- to threefold. Low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) had the same effects on the rate constants of FVa inactivation as UFH, but pentasaccharide did not inhibit FVa inactivation. Analysis of these data in the context of the 3D structures of APC and FVa and of simulated APC-heparin and FVa-APC complexes suggests that the heparin-binding loops 37 and 70 in APC complement electronegative areas surrounding the Arg506 site, with additional contributions from APC loop 148. Fewer contacts are observed between APC and the region around the Arg306 site in FVa. The modeling and experimental data suggest that heparin, when bound to APC, prevents optimal docking of APC at Arg506 and promotes association between FVa and APC at position Arg306.

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    Article: Modeling of human factor Va inactivation by activated protein C.
    Maria Cristina Bravo, Thomas Orfeo, Kenneth G Mann, Stephen J Everse
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    ABSTRACT: Because understanding of the inventory, connectivity and dynamics of the components characterizing the process of coagulation is relatively mature, it has become an attractive target for physiochemical modeling. Such models can potentially improve the design of therapeutics. The prothrombinase complex (composed of the protease factor (F)Xa and its cofactor FVa) plays a central role in this network as the main producer of thrombin, which catalyses both the activation of platelets and the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the main substances of a clot. A key negative feedback loop that prevents clot propagation beyond the site of injury is the thrombin-dependent generation of activated protein C (APC), an enzyme that inactivates FVa, thus neutralizing the prothrombinase complex. APC inactivation of FVa is complex, involving the production of partially active intermediates and "protection" of FVa from APC by both FXa and prothrombin. An empirically validated mathematical model of this process would be useful in advancing the predictive capacity of comprehensive models of coagulation. A model of human APC inactivation of prothrombinase was constructed in a stepwise fashion by analyzing time courses of FVa inactivation in empirical reaction systems with increasing number of interacting components and generating corresponding model constructs of each reaction system. Reaction mechanisms, rate constants and equilibrium constants informing these model constructs were initially derived from various research groups reporting on APC inactivation of FVa in isolation, or in the presence of FXa or prothrombin. Model predictions were assessed against empirical data measuring the appearance and disappearance of multiple FVa degradation intermediates as well as prothrombinase activity changes, with plasma proteins derived from multiple preparations. Our work integrates previously published findings and through the cooperative analysis of in vitro experiments and mathematical constructs we are able to produce a final validated model that includes 24 chemical reactions and interactions with 14 unique rate constants which describe the flux in concentrations of 24 species. This study highlights the complexity of the inactivation process and provides a module of equations describing the Protein C pathway that can be integrated into existing comprehensive mathematical models describing tissue factor initiated coagulation.
    BMC Systems Biology 05/2012; 6:45. · 3.15 Impact Factor
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Keywords

activated protein C
 
APC-catalyzed FVa inactivation
 
APC-mediated inactivation
 
corresponding rate constant k'306
 
dose-dependent manner
 
electronegative areas
 
experimental data
 
factor Va
 
FVa inactivation
 
FVa-APC complexes
 
heparin-binding loops 37
 
Low molecular weight heparin
 
normal FVa
 
optimal docking
 
Peptide bond cleavage
 
position Arg306
 
rate constants
 
simulated APC-heparin
 
time courses
 
unfractionated heparin