Article

Immune response induced by Salmonella typhimurium defective in ppGpp synthesis.

Genome Research Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Research Institute of Vibrio Infection, South Korea.
Vaccine (impact factor: 3.77). 04/2006; 24(12):2027-34. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.031
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Systemic infection by Salmonella typhimurium requires coordinated expression of virulence genes found primarily in Salmonella Pathogenecity Islands (SPIs). We have previously reported that the intracellular signal that induces these virulence genes is a stringent signal molecule, ppGpp [Song et al. J Biol Chem 2003;279:34183]. In this study, we found that relA and spoT double mutant Salmonella (DeltappGpp strain), which is defective in ppGpp synthesis, was virtually avirulent in BALB/c mice. Subsequently, the live vaccine potential of the avirulent DeltappGpp Salmonella strain was determined. A single immunization with live DeltappGpp Salmonella efficiently protected mice from challenge with wild-type Salmonella at a dose 10(6)-fold above the LD50 30 days after immunization. Various assays revealed that immunization of mice with the DeltappGpp strain elicited both systemic and mucosal antibody responses, in addition to cell-mediated immunity.

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    Article: The architecture and ppGpp-dependent expression of the primary transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium during invasion gene expression.
    Vinoy K Ramachandran, Neil Shearer, Jobin J Jacob, Cynthia M Sharma, Arthur Thompson
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    ABSTRACT: Invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) requires expression of the extracellular virulence gene expression programme (ST(EX)), activation of which is dependent on the signalling molecule guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). Recently, next-generation transcriptomics (RNA-seq) has revealed the unexpected complexity of bacterial transcriptomes and in this report we use differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) to define the high-resolution transcriptomic architecture of wild-type S. Typhimurium and a ppGpp null strain under growth conditions which model ST(EX). In doing so we show that ppGpp plays a much wider role in regulating the S. Typhimurium ST(EX) primary transcriptome than previously recognised. Here we report the precise mapping of transcriptional start sites (TSSs) for 78% of the S. Typhimurium open reading frames (ORFs). The TSS mapping enabled a genome-wide promoter analysis resulting in the prediction of 169 alternative sigma factor binding sites, and the prediction of the structure of 625 operons. We also report the discovery of 55 new candidate small RNAs (sRNAs) and 302 candidate antisense RNAs (asRNAs). We discovered 32 ppGpp-dependent alternative TSSs and determined the extent and level of ppGpp-dependent coding and non-coding transcription. We found that 34% and 20% of coding and non-coding RNA transcription respectively was ppGpp-dependent under these growth conditions, adding a further dimension to the role of this remarkable small regulatory molecule in enabling rapid adaptation to the infective environment. The transcriptional architecture of S. Typhimurium and finer definition of the key role ppGpp plays in regulating Salmonella coding and non-coding transcription should promote the understanding of gene regulation in this important food borne pathogen and act as a resource for future research.
    BMC Genomics 01/2012; 13:25. · 4.07 Impact Factor
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Keywords

avirulent DeltappGpp Salmonella strain
 
BALB/c mice
 
cell-mediated immunity
 
defective
 
DeltappGpp Salmonella
 
DeltappGpp strain
 
DeltappGpp strain elicited
 
immunization
 
intracellular signal
 
mucosal antibody responses
 
ppGpp [Song
 
ppGpp synthesis
 
Salmonella typhimurium
 
single immunization
 
spoT double mutant Salmonella
 
stringent signal molecule
 
systemic
 
Systemic infection
 
Various assays
 
virulence genes