Article

Diagnosis and management of insomnia in dialysis patients.

Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Department of Nephrology, Humber River Regional Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Seminars in Dialysis (impact factor: 2.27). 19(1):25-31. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2006.00116.x pp.25-31
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Sleep-related complaints affect 50-80% of patients on dialysis. Sleep disorders impair quality of life significantly. Increasing evidence suggests that sleep disruption has a profound impact both on an individual and on a societal level. The etiology of sleep disorders is often multifactorial: biologic, social, and psychological factors play a role. This is especially true for insomnia, which is the most common sleep disorder in different populations, including patients on dialysis. Biochemical and metabolic changes, lifestyle factors, depression, anxiety, and other underlying sleep disorders can all have an effect on the development and persistence of sleep disruption, leading to chronic insomnia. Insomnia is defined as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or having nonrestorative sleep. It is also associated with daytime consequences, such as sleepiness and fatigue, and impaired daytime functioning. In most cases, the diagnosis of insomnia is based on the patient's history, but in some patients objective assessment of sleep pattern may be necessary. Optimally the treatment of insomnia involves the combination of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. In some cases acute insomnia resolves spontaneously, but if left untreated, it may lead to chronic sleep problems. The treatment of chronic insomnia is often challenging. There are only a few studies specifically addressing the management of this sleep disorder in patients with chronic renal disease. Considering the polypharmacy and altered metabolism in this patient population, treatment trials are clearly needed. This article reviews the diagnosis of sleep disorders with a focus on insomnia in patients on dialysis.

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    Article: Sleep disorders in chronic kidney disease
    Mark Unruh
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    ABSTRACT: In the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population, problems with sleep have been linked to disability days, healthcare utilization, and qual-ity of life (QOL) for dialysis patients. The health burden associated with sleep disturbances is significant. Studies in the general popu-lation have linked these problems to greater use of health services, increased use of hypnotics, and reduced functional capabilities. The need to address sleep quality in the CKD population is highlighted by the 15% to 31% prevalence of hypnotic use. Among incident dialysis patients, patients with poor sleep quality were more likely to report poor physical and mental well being, decreased vitality, and more bodily pain. While there are many causes for poor sleep in patients with kidney disease, such as depression, insomnia, restless legs, and periodic limb movements, sleep apnea may be the most com-mon. A significant percentage of end-stage renal disease patients report hypersomnolence, snoring, and even witnessed apneas. Those undergoing thrice-weekly hemodialysis have been shown to have a high rate of sleep apnea, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and excessive daytime sleepiness. In the general population, sleep disorders such as sleep apnea have been associated with premature death, cardiovascular disease, depression, and poor QOL. Emerging evidence suggests that sleep disorders may contribute to the high rates of medical and psychological comorbidity in CKD patients. The diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders among this high-risk population remains understudied. The recommendations for therapy have been largely based on findings in the general population since studies of the CKD population have been limited in scope. Needs Assessment: Patients with chronic kidney disease represent a substantial and Needs Assessment: Patients with chronic kidney disease represent a substantial and Needs Assessment: growing segment of the population. This group has a high rate of sleep complaints and has recently been shown to have a high prevalence of insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs, and periodic limb movements. Learning Objectives: • Recognize the prevalence of sleep disorders among those with end-stage renal disease. • Recognize the impact of sleep disorders on sleep quality, quality of life, and mood. • Assess potential treatments of common sleep disorders. of Medicine to ensure objectivity, balance, independence, transparency, and scientific rigor in all CME-sponsored educational activities. All faculty participating in the plan-ning or implementation of a sponsored activity are expected to disclose to the audience any relevant financial relationships and to assist in resolving any conflict of interest that may arise from the relationship. Presenters must also make a meaningful disclo-sure to the audience of their discussions of unlabeled or unapproved drugs or devices.
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Keywords

cases acute insomnia resolves
 
chronic insomnia
 
chronic renal disease
 
daytime consequences
 
different populations
 
difficulty initiating
 
Increasing evidence
 
lifestyle factors
 
metabolic changes
 
nonpharmacologic approaches
 
patient's history
 
patients objective assessment
 
psychological factors
 
sleep disorder
 
Sleep disorders impair quality
 
sleep disruption
 
Sleep-related complaints
 
sleepiness
 
societal level
 
treatment trials