Article

Neural correlates of mapping from phonology to orthography in children performing an auditory spelling task.

Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
Developmental Science (impact factor: 3.89). 08/2007; 10(4):441-51. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00598.x pp.441-51
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Age-related differences (9- to 15-year-olds) in the neural correlates of mapping from phonology to orthography were examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were asked to determine if two spoken words had the same spelling for the rime (corresponding letters after the first consonant or consonant cluster). Some of the word pairs had conflicting orthography and phonology (e.g. jazz-has, pint-mint) whereas other pairs had non-conflicting information (e.g. press-list, gate-hate) (see Table 1). There were age-related increases in activation for lexical processing (across conflicting and non-conflicting conditions) in left inferior parietal lobule, suggesting that older children have a more elaborated system for mapping between phonology and orthography that includes connections at different grain sizes (e.g. phonemes, onset-rimes, syllables). In addition, we found that the conflicting conditions had lower accuracy, slower reaction time and greater activation in left inferior frontal gyrus as compared to non-conflicting conditions. Higher accuracy was also correlated with greater activation in left inferior frontal gyrus for the most difficult conflicting condition (e.g. jazz-has). The finding of both a conflict effect and a correlation with accuracy in left inferior frontal gyrus suggests that this region may be involved in resolving the conflict between orthographic and phonological representations.

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  • Article: Participation of the left posterior inferior temporal cortex in writing and mental recall of kanji orthography: A functional MRI study.
    K Nakamura, M Honda, T Okada, T Hanakawa, K Toma, H Fukuyama, J Konishi, H Shibasaki
    [show abstract] [hide abstract]
    ABSTRACT: To examine the neuropsychological mechanisms involved in writing kanji (morphograms), we used functional MRI (fMRI) in 10 normal volunteers, all right-handed, native Japanese speakers. The experimental paradigms consisted of kana-to-kanji transcription, mental recall of kanji orthography and oral reading and semantic judgement of kana words. The first two tasks require manual and mental transcription of visually presented kana words into kanji, respectively, whereas the last two tasks involve language processing of the same set of stimulus words without recall of kanji. The transcription and mental recall tasks yielded lateralized activation of the left posterior inferior temporal cortex (PITC). By contrast, neither oral reading nor semantic judgement produced similar activation of the area. These results, in good accordance with lesion data, provide converging evidence that the left PITC plays an important role in writing kanji through retrieval of their visual graphic images, and suggest language-specific cerebral organization of writing. The set of fMRI experiments also provides new neuroimaging data on the cortical localization of basic language functions in people using a non-alphabetical language.
    Brain 06/2000; 123 ( Pt 5):954-67. · 9.46 Impact Factor
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Keywords

conflict effect
 
conflicting conditions
 
corresponding letters
 
different grain sizes
 
difficult conflicting condition
 
elaborated system
 
first consonant
 
functional magnetic resonance imaging
 
greater activation
 
includes connections
 
inferior frontal gyrus
 
inferior parietal lobule
 
lexical processing
 
neural correlates
 
non-conflicting conditions
 
orthographic
 
phonological representations
 
slower reaction time
 
Table 1
 
word pairs