Article
Effect of prolonged and exclusive breast feeding on risk of allergy and asthma: cluster randomised trial.
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Canada.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
11/2007;
335(7624):815.
DOI:10.1136/bmj.39304.464016.AE
pp.815
Source: PubMed
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Citations (0)
- Cited In (5)
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Article: Fetal and infant origins of asthma.
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ABSTRACT: Previous studies have suggested that asthma, like other common diseases, has at least part of its origin early in life. Low birth weight has been shown to be associated with increased risks of asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, and impaired lung function in adults, and increased risks of respiratory symptoms in early childhood. The developmental plasticity hypothesis suggests that the associations between low birth weight and diseases in later life are explained by adaptation mechanisms in fetal life and infancy in response to various adverse exposures. Various pathways leading from adverse fetal and infant exposures to growth adaptations and respiratory health outcomes have been studied, including fetal and early infant growth patterns, maternal smoking and diet, children's diet, respiratory tract infections and acetaminophen use, and genetic susceptibility. Still, the specific adverse exposures in fetal and early postnatal life leading to respiratory disease in adult life are not yet fully understood. Current studies suggest that both environmental and genetic factors in various periods of life, and their epigenetic mechanisms may underlie the complex associations of low birth weight with respiratory disease in later life. New well-designed epidemiological studies are needed to identify the specific underlying mechanisms. This review is focused on specific adverse fetal and infant growth patterns and exposures, genetic susceptibility, possible respiratory adaptations and perspectives for new studies.European Journal of Epidemiology 01/2012; 27(1):5-14. · 4.71 Impact Factor -
Article: Fatty acids in breast milk associated with asthma-like symptoms and atopy in infancy: a longitudinal study.
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ABSTRACT: Objective. The relationship between fatty acids (FAs) in breast milk and the risk of childhood allergies is controversial. We prospectively investigated the relationship between FAs in colostrum and breast milk and asthma-like symptoms (AS) and atopy in infancy. Methods. Pregnant women were recruited in Columbia and Charleston, South Carolina. Colostrum and mature milk samples were collected. The concentrations of n-3 FAs (eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) and n-6 FAs (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosadienoic acid) were determined by gas chromatography. AS were ascertained at 6 and 12 months of age and atopy (skin prick test) at 12 months. FAs were dichotomized (high vs. median and low). Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the effect of FAs on repeated AS, compensating for intra-individual correlations and adjusting for confounders. Log-linear regression was used to analyze atopy. Results. FAs were analyzed in 24 colostrum and 78 breast milk samples. High levels of total n-6 (lipid based) FAs in breast milk were associated with an increased risk of AS in infants (risk ratio (RR) = 2.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37, 6.18), even after controlling for total n-3 FAs (RR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.12, 3.85). High levels of total n-3 FAs controlling for n-6 FAs decreased the risk of atopy at the age of 12 months. Conclusions. High levels of total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast milk are associated with an increased risk for AS, whereas high levels of total n-3 PUFAs decreased the risk of atopy. These data suggest that the effects of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on allergic disorders should be further explored.Journal of Asthma 09/2012; 49(9):926-34. · 1.52 Impact Factor -
Article: Maternal immune markers in serum during gestation and in breast milk and the risk of asthma-like symptoms at ages 6 and 12 months: a longitudinal study.
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The role of breast milk on the risk of childhood asthma is in dispute. The aim of this prospective study is to determine the relationship of immune markers in maternal serum during gestation and breast milk to asthma-like symptoms (AS) in infancy. METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited in Columbia and Charleston, South Carolina. Blood (median: 3 weeks before delivery) and breast milk (three weeks after delivery) samples were collected. Concentrations of interferon (IFN)-, IFN gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10), CCL11, interleukin (IL) 1beta, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and immunoglobulin (Ig) A in both maternal serum and milk whey were determined via immunoassays. Asthma-like symptoms (AS) of the infant were ascertained at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Generalized estimating equations assessed relative risk (RR) of immune markers for repeated measurements of AS, considering intra-individual correlations and adjusting for confounders. To provide comparable risk estimates, quartiles of the immune markers were used, except for IL-5 in whey and IgA in serum, which were dichotomized. RESULTS: Of 178 women, 161 provided blood and 115 breast milk samples. IL-12(p70), IL-4, IL-10, IL-1beta, and CCL11 in serum and in whey were not further considered for the statistical analyses since the proportion of non-detectable values was high. Most immune markers in serum and milk whey were moderately or highly correlated; however, IgA was negatively correlated. Infants in the highest quartile of IL-13 in both serum and whey were at a higher risk of AS (RR = 3.02 and 4.18; respectively) compared to infants in the first quartile. High levels of IL-5 in serum and whey was also identified as a risk. In addition, increased secretory IgA and TGF-beta1 in breast milk reduced the risks of AS. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal serum and whey levels of IL-5 and IL-13 are risk markers for AS; whey IgA and TGF-beta1 seem to be protective. Only focusing on breast milk portend that milk cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 have adverse effects. However, similar immune exposures during late gestation and via milk suggest that both may enhance AS among infants.Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology 07/2012; 8(1):11.
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Keywords
12 months
17,046 mother-infant pairs
31 Belarussian maternity hospitals
affiliated polyclinics
allergic symptoms
asthma
Breastfeeding promotion intervention
childhood asthma
Cluster randomised trial
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN37687716 [controlled-trials.com]
exclusive
exclusive breast
experimental group
experimental intervention
higher prevalence
inhalant antigens
ISAAC
positive skin prick tests
skin prick tests
WHO/UNICEF baby friendly hospital initiative
