Childhood cancer survival in France, 1990-1999.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe the overall survival after childhood cancer in France using follow-up data from regional population-based registries. The survival of children (aged under 15 years) diagnosed with a cancer during 1990-1999 was analysed. For all cancers, the survivals were, respectively, 90.3% [89.4-91.3] at 1-year, 75.2% [73.8-76.6] at 5 years and 72.2% [70.7-73.7] at 10 years. During the 1990s, the average improvement in the 5-year survival was +1.2% per year. Adjusted for gender, age, area of residence and stage, children with cancer diagnosed between 1995 and 1999 had a 0.80 reduced risk of dying compared with those whose cancer had been diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The increase of survival at the population level reflects a global improvement in childhood cancer care. The Paediatric Registries, in association with the French Society of Childhood Cancer, are now collecting data to quantify on a national basis the other events, at least relapse and second cancers.

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Review
Childhood cancer survival in France, 1990–1999
Emmanuel Desandesa,b,*, Claire Bergerc, Isabelle Trond, Franc ¸ois Demeocqe,
Ste ´phanie Bellecf,g,h,i, Pascale Blouine, Le ´onie Casagrandac, Lionel De Lumleye,
Fernand Freyconc, Aure ´lie Goubinf,g,h,i, Edouard Le Galld, Danie `le Sommeleta,b,
Brigitte Lacoura,b, Jacqueline Clavelf,g,h,i
aNational Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU Nancy, Universite ´ Henri Poincare ´ 1, Faculte ´ de Me ´decine 9, Avenue de la Fore ˆt de Haye,
BP 184, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-Le `s-Nancy cedex, France
bChildhood Cancer Registry of Lorraine, CHU Nancy, France
cChildhood Cancer Registry of Rho ˆne-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France
dChildhood Cancer Registry of Bretagne, Rennes, France
eChildhood Cancer Registry of Auvergne-Limousin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
fNational Registry of Childhood Haematological Malignancies,Villejuif, France
gChildhood Cancer Registry of Val-de-Marne, Villejuif, France
hINSERM, UMR-S754, Villejuif, France
iParis-Sud University, Villejuif, France
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 13 August 2007
Received in revised form
7 November 2007
Accepted 19 November 2007
Keywords:
Children
Cancer
Survival
Registry
Prognosis
Population-based study
A B S T R A C T
The aim of this study was to describe the overall survival after childhood cancer in France
using follow-up data from regional population-based registries. The survival of children
(aged under 15 years) diagnosed with a cancer during 1990–1999 was analysed. For all can-
cers, the survivals were, respectively, 90.3% [89.4–91.3] at 1-year, 75.2% [73.8–76.6] at 5 years
and 72.2% [70.7–73.7] at 10 years. During the 1990s, the average improvement in the 5-year
survival was +1.2% per year. Adjusted for gender, age, area of residence and stage, children
with cancer diagnosed between 1995 and 1999 had a 0.80 reduced risk of dying compared
with those whose cancer had been diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The increase of sur-
vival at the population level reflects a global improvement in childhood cancer care. The
Paediatric Registries, in association with the French Society of Childhood Cancer, are
now collecting data to quantify on a national basis the other events, at least relapse and
second cancers.
? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
Approximately 1600 children, aged less than 15 years, are
diagnosed annually with a cancer in France, which corre-
sponds to an annual incidence rate of 138 per million.1Cancer
remains the second cause of death in children aged from 0 to
14 years after non-intentional injuries, representing 350
deaths each year.2
0959-8049/$ - see front matter ? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.11.016
* Corresponding author: Address: National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU Nancy, Universite ´ Henri Poincare ´ 1, Faculte ´ de
Me ´decine 9, Avenue de la Fore ˆt de Haye, BP 184, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-Le `s-Nancy cedex, France. Tel.: +33 3836 83860; fax: +33 3836 83869.
E-mail address: emmanuel.desandes@medecine.uhp-nancy.fr (E. Desandes).
E U R O P E A N J O U R N A L O F C A N C E R 4 4 (2 0 08 ) 2 05 –2 1 5
available at www.sciencedirect.com
journal homepage: www.ejconline.com

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The national registration of childhood cancer began in
France in 1990 for haematopoietic malignancies and in
1999 for solid tumours. The objective of the present study
was to estimate the overall survival (OS) after childhood can-
cer in the French population during the 1990–1999 period. We
used the French Regional Paediatric Cancer Registries, which
covered a quarter of the French territory at this period and
allowed us to study survival according to characteristics at
diagnosis, irrespective of inclusion in clinical trials.
2. Patients and methods
All cancers in children from five regional population-based
cancer registries of several French administrative areas
(French regional areas of Auvergne-Limousin, Bretagne,
Lorraine, Rho ˆne-Alpes and French departmental area of Val-
de-Marne) were included. Altogether, the registries cover
24% of the French paediatric population and about the same
proportion of French territory. The five population-based can-
cer registries identified cases using both active search proce-
dures in hospital departments and mailed questionnaires to
public and private hospitals, specialised practitioners and
pathologists,followinginternational
Each case was attributed a morphology code and a topogra-
phy code as per the International Classification of Diseases
for Oncology (ICD-O). All morphology codes have been con-
verted into the third edition of ICD-O.4
The cases consist of children with an incident tumour
diagnosed between 1990 and 1999, aged 0–14 years and resid-
ing, at diagnosis, in the administrative areas covered by the
French regional Childhood Cancer Registries. All malignan-
cies with an ICD-O behaviour code of ‘/3’ were included.
Benign tumours, tumours of uncertain malignancy or in situ
carcinomas (ICD-O morphology behaviour code ‘/0’, ‘/1’ or
‘/2’) were excluded, except for ‘Central nervous system and
miscellaneousintracranialand
(group III of the third edition of the International Classifica-
tion of Childhood Cancer (ICCC)), in line with international
recommendations.5
Myelodysplastic syndrome and other
myeloproliferative diseases (subgroup Id of the ICCC), not
homogeneously recorded by all paediatric registries, were ex-
cluded. As recommended, lymphomas with bone-marrow
involvement greater than 25% were coded as leukaemias
whereas those with lower bone-marrow involvement were
coded as stage IV lymphomas.6
The data available for each case were gender, date and
place of birth, date and place of diagnosis, tumour morphol-
ogy and topography, stage at diagnosis (metastatic or not), vi-
tal status and date of last contact.
Analyses were performed with all cases diagnosed be-
tween 1st January 1990 and 31st December 1999, and fol-
lowed up until 1st January 2006. The end-point of interest
was death from any cause for the estimation of the propor-
tion of OS. French Paediatric Registries attempt to follow
up all cases till death. Vital status was obtained at the time
of analysis by active search in medical records and by match-
ing the Childhood Cancer Registry files and the central pop-
ulation register (RNIPP) sorted by date and place of birth to
obtain the mention of death and the date of death. Children
who were last known alive less than 5 years after diagnosis
recommendations.3
intraspinal neoplasms’
were considered as lost to follow up at 5 years. Median
length of follow up was calculated using the inverse Kap-
lan–Meier method.7The proportion of OS was estimated
using Kaplan–Meier methods.8
Survival curves were compared using the log-rank test9
and the trend in survival over time periods was estimated
using the log-rank test for trend.10The percent change in
cumulative probability (PCCP) was the relative difference of
5-year survival proportions between time periods. The aver-
age annual percent change (AAPC) in 5-year survival was cal-
culated as the slope of the linear regression used to model the
natural logarithm of the 5-year survival proportion as a func-
tion of the calendar year.11Finally, the risks of death accord-
ing to age, gender, stage, area of residence and period were
estimated by hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence
intervals (95% CI) using Cox proportional hazards regression
models.12Reference categories were selected logically as the
first category (localised/stages I–III tumours and period
1990–1994) or as the modal category (1–4-year age group), or
arbitrarily (boys and Lorraine region). Statistical tests were
two-sided (significance at 5%).
All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version
9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., 1996).
3.Results
3.1.Survival
Overall, 3566 cases of childhood cancer were included dur-
ing the 1990–1999 period (402 in ‘Auvergne-Limousin’, 667
in ‘Bretagne’, 608 in ‘Lorraine’, 1530 in ‘Rho ˆne-Alpes’ and
359 in ‘Val-de-Marne’) with a median follow up of 10 years
and 4 months, and 1.8% and 8.2% lost to follow up at 5
and 10 years, respectively. Table 1 describes the overall sur-
vivals at 1, 5 and 10 years. For all cancers combined, overall
survivals ranged from 90.3% [89.4–91.3] at 1-year to 72.2%
[70.7–73.7] at 10 years. The best survivals were observed
for Hodgkin’s and Burkitt’s lymphomas, retinoblastomas,
malignant gonadal germ-cell tumours and thyroid carcino-
mas, for which 5-year OSs were higher than 90%. Con-
versely, the lowest survivals were observed for central
nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumours and acute non-
lymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL), with 5-year OSs of 48.6%
and 51.3%, respectively. For most diagnostic groups, around
35% of the deaths had occurred within 1-year and 90% with-
in 5 years after diagnosis. Five-year survival was signifi-
cantly lower for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
than for B-precursor ALL (65.9% [57.6–74.2] versus 84.1%
[81.3–86.9]; p < 0.01). Within CNS tumours, the lowest surviv-
als were observed for central primitive neuro-ectodermal tu-
mours (cPNET), particularly for supratentorial site, and for
other gliomas.
3.2. Demographic characteristics
The OS did not differ significantly according to gender for any
site of cancer (Table 2). Survival was strongly related to age,
with the lowest 5-year survivals observed in children below
1-year of age with leukaemia (37.5% [25.6–49.4]) and with
CNS tumours (45.0% [32.4–57.6]). Conversely, survival was
206
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much better in neuroblastoma diagnosed before the age of 1-
year than in those diagnosed later (85.5% [79.1–91.8] for <1-
year, 63.1% [55.6–70.6] for 1–4 years, 47.8% [27.4–68.3] for 4–9
years and 44.4% [12.0–76.9] for 10–14 years).
3.3.Stage
On average, 15% of lymphomas and solid tumours were clas-
sified as stage IV or metastatic. The distribution of metastatic
Table 1 – Overall survival (OS) for French children diagnosed with cancer during the period 1990–1999, by type of tumour
Tumour types Number
of cases
Lost to
follow-up
at 5 years (%)
Median length of
follow-up (years)
1-year OS %
(95% CI)
5-year
OS% (95% CI)
10-year OS%
(95% CI)
Leukaemia
Acute lymphoblastic
leukaemia (ALL)
B-precursor ALL
T- cell ALL
Other specified or
unspecified ALL
Acute non-lymphoblastic
leukaemia (ANLL)
1056
832
1.5
1.8
10.1
10.2
96.6 [88.8–92.4]
93.6 [91.9–95.3]
74.4 [71.8–77.1]
80.5 [77.8–83.2]
71.5 [68.7–74.3]
77.1 [74.2–80.0]
646
126
60
1.4
1.6
6.7
10.2
10.1
9.6
94.7 [93.0–96.4]
92.9 [88.4–97.3]
81.4 [71.5–91.3]
84.1 [81.3–86.9]
65.9 [57.6–74.2]
76.1 [65.2–87.0]
81.2 [78.1–84.3]
60.8 [52.0–69.6]
67.5 [54.8–80.2]
1830.5 9.877.6 [71.6–77.6] 51.3 [44.0–58.5]50.1 [42.8–57.4]
Lymphomas
Hodgkin’s disease
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
430
154
137
122
1.9
0.6
2.2
2.5
10.1
9.5
10.7
10.9
94.9 [92.8–97.0]
99.4 [98.1–100.0]
92.0 [87.4–96.5]
93.4 [89.0–97.8]
89.3 [86.4–92.2]
96.1 [93.0–99.2]
79.8 [73.4–86.3]
93.4 [89.0–97.8]
86.8 [83.5–90.1]
95.3 [91.9–98.7]
75.2 [68.2–82.3]
92.2 [87.2–97.2]
Central nervous system
(CNS) tumours
Ependymoma
Astrocytoma
Embryonal tumours
Medulloblastoma
Supratentorial central
primitive neuro-
ectodermal tumours
(cPNET)
Other gliomas
Other specified CNS
tumours
7972.610.682.2 [79.6–84.9]64.8 [61.4–68.1]61.3 [57.9–64.8]
103
333
158
117
41
2.9
3.6
1.2
1.7
0.0
10.5
10.6
9.6
9.6
9.1
81.6 [74.1–89.0]
86.6 [83.0–90.3]
76.0 [69.3–82.6]
82.9 [76.1–89.7]
53.7 [38.4–69.0]
60.8 [51.3–70.3]
77.8 [73.3–82.3]
48.6 [40.7–56.4]
56.2 [47.2–65.2]
26.8 [13.3–40.3]
55.1 [45.2–64.9]
75.2 [70.5–80.0]
43.4 [35.5–51.3]
52.4 [43.2–61.6]
17.6 [5.2–30.0]
93
96
3.2
0.0
9.8
11.3
64.2 [54.4–74.0]
96.9 [93.4–100.0]
31.5 [21.9–41.0]
88.5 [82.2–94.9]
30.1 [20.7–39.6]
84.9 [77.5–92.2]
Sympathetic nervous
system tumours
Neuroblastoma
315 1.311.189.5 [86.1–92.9]69.8 [64.7–74.9]67.8 [62.7–73.0]
309 1.311.089.6 [86.3–93.0]69.9 [64.7–75.0] 67.9 [62.6–73.1]
Retinoblastoma 1011.0 10.2 99.0 [97.1–100.0]97.0 [93.6–100.0]97.0 [93.6–100.0]
Renal tumours
Wilm’s tumour
226
218
1.3
1.4
10.4
10.4
94.6 [91.7–97.6]
94.4 [91.4–97.5]
86.6 [82.1–91.1]
87.0 [82.5–91.5]
85.7 [81.1–90.3]
86.1 [81.4–90.7]
Hepatic tumours
Hepatoblastoma
39
33
0.0
0.0
11.3
11.2
84.6 [73.3–95.9]
81.8 [68.7–95.0]
71.8 [57.7–85.9]
75.8 [61.1–90.4]
71.8 [57.7–85.9]
75.8 [61.1–90.4]
Malignant bone tumours
Osteosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
191
92
86
0.5
1.1
0.0
9.8
10.4
9.6
94.2 [90.9–97.5]
95.6 [91.4–99.8]
94.2 [89.3–99.1]
71.6 [65.2–78.0]
68.1 [58.6–77.7]
74.4 [65.2–83.6]
64.5 [57.5–71.4]
61.0 [50.8–71.2]
66.3 [55.9–76.6]
Soft-tissue sarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Non-rhabdomyosarcoma
190
108
82
1.1
1.9
0.0
10.7
10.9
10.5
92.6 [88.9–96.3]
95.3 [91.3–99.3]
92.7 [87.0–98.3]
67.7 [61.1–74.4]
64.5 [55.4–73.5]
72.0 [62.2–81.7]
65.0 [58.1–71.9]
62.0 [52.6–71.4]
70.5 [60.5–80.4]
Germ-cell tumours
Intracranial and intraspinal
germ-cell tumours
Malignant gonadal
germ-cell tumours
119
37
2.5
0.0
10.9
10.5
92.4 [87.7–97.2]
86.5 [75.5–97.5]
83.9 [77.3–90.6]
78.4 [65.1–91.6]
79.8 [72.3–87.2]
70.0 [53.8–86.2]
422.4 11.2100.090.4 [81.5–99.3] 87.9 [77.9–97.9]
Carcinomas
Thyroid carcinoma
95
34
6.3
8.8
8.8
8.3
96.8 [93.2–100.0]
100.0
86.8 [79.9–93.8]
100.0
81.2 [72.7–89.6]
96.8 [90.6–100.0]
All tumours3566 1.810.3 90.3 [89.4–91.3]75.2 [73.8–76.6]72.2 [70.7–73.7]
95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
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Table 2 – Five-year overall survivals for French children diagnosed with cancer, by gender, age and stage at diagnosis (1990–1999)
Tumour types Gender (%, 95% CI)Age group (%, 95% CI)Stage at diagnosis (%, 95% CI)a
Boys
(n = 1928)
Girls
(n = 1638)
<1-year
(n = 388)
1–4 years
(n = 1239)
5–9 years
(n = 967)
10–14 years
(n = 972)
Stage I, II, III/not
metastastic
(n = 2140)
Stage
IV/metastastic
(n = 370)
Leukaemia
ALL
B-precursor ALL
T-cell ALL
ANLL
73.0 [69.3–76.7]
79.1 [75.4–82.9]
83.6 [79.5–87.6]
66.3 [56.5–76.1]
44.6 [33.9–55.3]
76.2 [72.4–79.9]
82.5 [78.6–86.3]
85.0 [81.1–88.9]
64.9 [49.5–80.2]
56.8 [47.1–66.6]
37.5 [25.6–49.4]
23.8 [5.6–42.0]
29.4 [7.7–51.1]
0.0
43.2 [27.3–59.2]
79.4 [75.7–83.1]
83.4 [79.7–87.0]
87.2 [83.7–90.7]
50.0 [34.1–65.9]
55.3 [41.1–69.5]
79.3 [74.8–83.9]
84.2 [79.5–88.8]
86.4 [81.3–91.5]
77.3 [64.9–89.7]
60.9 [47.8–73.9]
67.8 [61.7–74.0]**
75.4 [68.8–82.0]**
78.8 [71.0–86.7]**
69.8 [46.1–83.5]**
42.2 [27.8–56.6]
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Lymphomas
Hodgkin’s disease
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
89.0 [85.4–92.6]
97.9 [95.1–100.0]
76.3 [67.5–85.2]
91.5 [85.8–97.1]
89.9 [84.9–94.9]
93.0 [86.3–99.6]
83.3 [72.8–93.9]
100.0
60.0 [17.1–100.0]
–
0.0
–
87.6 [79.6–95.6]
100.0
72.9 [55.7–90.0]
100.0
91.8 [87.7–95.9]
97.9 [93.8–100.0]
89.5 [81.5–97.4]
89.1 [81.4–96.7]
89.4 [85.0–93.8]**
94.9 [90.5–99.3]
75.0 [63.2–86.8]**
96.9 [90.8–100.0]***
90.1 [87.0–93.2]
97.0 [94.1–99.9]
80.5 [73.2–87.8]
93.1 [88.2–98.0]
84.6 [75.8–93.4]*
90.0 [76.8–100.0]*
70.8 [52.6–89.0]
94.7 [84.7–100.0]
CNS tumours
Ependymoma
Astrocytoma
Embryonal tumours
Medulloblastoma
Supratentorial cPNET
66.4 [61.8–70.9]
64.8 [51.6–77.9]
79.7 [73.6–85.8]
48.4 [38.5–58.2]
55.8 [44.6–67.1]
25.0 [7.7–42.3]
63.0 [58.1–67.9]
56.9 [43.3–70.5]
75.8 [69.1–82.4]
48.9 [36.1–61.7]
56.9 [41.8–71.9]
29.4 [7.7–51.1]
45.0 [32.4–57.6]
45.5 [24.6–66.3]
69.2 [44.1–94.3]
28.6 [4.9–52.2]
50.0 [11.0–89.0]
12.5 [0.0–35.2]
64.5 [58.4–70.6]
63 [49.1–77.0]
88.7 [82.3–95.0]
32.7 [19.5–45.8]
34.4 [17.9–50.9]
29.4 [7.7–51.1]
65.6 [59.9–71.4]
63.0 [39.5–86.6]
77.1 [69.1–85.2]
58.3 [46.2–70.3]
64.6 [51.8–77.4]
27.3 [1.0–53.5]
69.6 [63.7–75.6]**
71.4 [50.2–92.7]
70.1 [61.6–78.5]**
62.9 [45.4–80.3]**
67.4 [48.8–86.0]*
40.0 [0.0–80.0]*
67.1 [63.7–70.5]
64.8 [55.0–74.6]
78.4 [73.9–82.9]
52.5 [43.9–61.1]
62.8 [52.9–72.7]
27.0 [12.7–41.3]
29.2 [16.3–42.1]**
27.3 [1.0–53.6]**
40.0 [0.0–82.9]**
31.0 [14.2–47.8]
32.0 [13.8–50.2]*
25.0 [0.0–67.3]
SNS tumours
Neuroblastoma
67.8 [60.6–74.9]
68.0 [60.8–75.3]
72.0 [64.8–79.2]
71.8 [64.6–79.0]
85.5 [79.1–91.8]
85.5 [79.1–91.8]
62.3 [54.8–69.8]
63.1 [55.6–70.6]
47.8 [27.4–68.3]
47.8 [27.4–68.3]
61.5 [35.1–88.0]**
44.4 [12.0–76.9]**
85.5 [80.5–90.6]
85.7 [80.6–90.8]
46.7 [38.1–55.4]**
47.1 [38.4–55.8]**
Retinoblastoma 96.3 [91.3–100.0]97.8 [93.6–100.0] 100.094.2 [87.9–100.0]100.0100.0 96.9 [93.4–100.0]100.0
Renal tumours
Wilm’s tumour
82.4 [74.6–90.2]
82.6 [74.5–90.6]
89.5 [84.3–94.7]
90.0 [84.8–95.2]
83.3 [71.2–95.5]
83.3 [71.2–95.5]
89.3 [84.0–94.6]
89.3 [84.0–94.6]
86.1 [75.7–96.4]
85.7 [75.1–96.3]
71.4 [47.8–95.1]
71.4 [38.0–100.0]
89.2 [84.9–93.6]
88.9 [84.4–93.4]
69.0 [52.1–85.8]**
74.1 [57.5–90.6]**
Hepatic tumours
Hepatoblastoma
74.1 [57.5–90.6]
78.3 [61.4–95.1]
66.7 [40.0–93.3]
70.0 [41.6–98.4]
90.9 [73.9–100.0]
90.9 [73.9–100.0]
72.7 [54.1–91.4]
71.4 [52.2–90.6]
50.0 [0.0–100.0]
0.0
25.0 [0.0–67.4]
–***
78.1 [63.8–92.5]
81.5 [66.8–96.1]
42.9 [6.2–79.5]***
50.0 [10.0–90.0]
Malignant bone tumours
Osteosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
71.4 [62.8–80.1]
72.2 [60.3–84.2]
76.7 [64.1–89.4]
71.8 [62.2–81.3]
67.6 [52.5–82.7]
72.1 [58.7–85.5]
100.0
–
100.0
68.8 [46.0–91.5]
50.0 [0.0–100.0]
76.9 [54.2–99.6]
66.0 [52.4–79.5]
64.3 [39.2–89.4]
64.5 [47.7–81.3]
73.8 [66.1–81.5]
69.3 [58.9–79.9]
82.9 [71.4–94.4]
76.7 [70.2–83.2]
73.1 [63.2–82.9]
80.8 [71.8–89.9]
40.7 [22.2–59.3]**
38.5 [12.0–64.9]*
46.2 [19.0–73.3]**
Soft-tissue sarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Non-rhabdomyosarcoma
67.3 [58.5–76.0]
67.7 [56.1–79.4]
66.7 [53.3–80.0]
68.4 [58.1–78.6]
60.0 [45.7–74.3]
79.4 [65.8–93.0]
60.1 [40.9–79.3]
44.4 [12.0–76.9]
68.8 [46.0–91.5]
80.8 [70.0–91.5]
78.1 [65.4–90.7]
90.9 [73.9–100.0]
63.2 [50.6–75.7]
62.2 [46.5–77.8]
65.0 [44.1–85.9]
63.6 [50.9–76.4]***
50.0 [28.1–71.9]***
71.4 [56.5–86.4]
78.1 [71.6–84.6]
75.0 [65.9–84.0]
82.1 [72.9–91.3]
20.6 [7.0–34.2]**
15.8 [0.0–32.2]**
26.7 [4.3–49.1]**
Germ-cell tumours
Gonadal germ-cell tumours
79.7 [68.4–90.9]
81.9 [63.4–100.0]
87.0 [79.0–94.9]
96.0 [88.3–100.0]
74.8 [57.3–92.3]
100.0
86.2 [73.7–98.8]
100.0
76.9 [54.0–99.8]
100.0
88.7 [80.2–97.2]
84.0 [69.6–98.4]
88.4 [82.2–94.6]
97.2 [91.8–100.0]
53.3 [28.1–78.6]**
50.0 [10.0–90.0]**
Carcinomas
Thyroid carcinoma
87.3 [77.8–96.8]
100.0
86.3 [76.2–96.5]
100.0
100.0
–
75.0 [45.0–100.0]
100.0
88.5 [76.2–100.0]
100.0
87.4 [78.6–96.1]
100.0
87.4 [80.0–94.7]
100.0
83.9 [63.4–100.0]
100.0
All tumours 74.8 [72.9–76.7]75.7 [73.6–77.8] 69.9 [65.3–74.5]76.3 [73.9–78.6]76.2 [73.5–78.9]75 [72.2–77.7]***
79.7 [78.0–81.4] 51.7 [46.6–56.8]**
Log-rank test:*<0.05;**<0.01;***<0.10; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
a Leukaemia excluded.
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