Article

Repair of HZE-particle-induced DNA double-strand breaks in normal human fibroblasts.

Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
Radiation Research (impact factor: 2.68). 05/2008; 169(4):437-46. DOI:10.1667/RR1165.1 pp.437-46
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT DNA damage generated by high-energy and high-Z (HZE) particles is more skewed toward multiply damaged sites or clustered DNA damage than damage induced by low-linear energy transfer (LET) X and gamma rays. Clustered DNA damage includes abasic sites, base damages and single- (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). This complex DNA damage is difficult to repair and may require coordinated recruitment of multiple DNA repair factors. As a consequence of the production of irreparable clustered lesions, a greater biological effectiveness is observed for HZE-particle radiation than for low-LET radiation. To understand how the inability of cells to rejoin DSBs contributes to the greater biological effectiveness of HZE particles, the kinetics of DSB rejoining and cell survival after exposure of normal human skin fibroblasts to a spectrum of HZE particles was examined. Using gamma-H2AX as a surrogate marker for DSB formation and rejoining, the ability of cells to rejoin DSBs was found to decrease with increasing Z; specifically, iron-ion-induced DSBs were repaired at a rate similar to those induced by silicon ions, oxygen ions and gamma radiation, but a larger fraction of iron-ion-induced damage was irreparable. Furthermore, both DNA-PKcs (DSB repair factor) and 53BP1 (DSB sensing protein) co-localized with gamma-H2AX along the track of dense ionization produced by iron and silicon ions and their focus dissolution kinetics was similar to that of gamma-H2AX. Spatial co-localization analysis showed that unlike gamma-H2AX and 53BP1, phosphorylated DNA-PKcs was localized only at very specific regions, presumably representing the sites of DSBs within the tracks. Examination of cell survival by clonogenic assay indicated that cell killing was greater for iron ions than for silicon and oxygen ions and gamma rays. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the inability of cells to rejoin DSBs within clustered DNA lesions likely contributes to the greater biological effectiveness of HZE particles.

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Keywords

abasic sites
 
clonogenic assay
 
Clustered DNA damage
 
complex DNA damage
 
damage induced
 
dense ionization
 
DNA lesions likely contributes
 
DSB rejoining
 
focus dissolution kinetics
 
greater biological effectiveness
 
HZE-particle radiation
 
iron-ion-induced damage
 
iron-ion-induced DSBs
 
low-linear energy transfer
 
multiple DNA
 
normal human skin fibroblasts
 
phosphorylated DNA-PKcs
 
Spatial co-localization analysis
 
specific regions
 
surrogate marker