Article

Phosphoinositides suppress gamma-secretase in both the detergent-soluble and -insoluble states.

Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Journal of Biological Chemistry (impact factor: 4.77). 08/2008; 283(28):19283-92. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M705954200 pp.19283-92
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT gamma-Secretase is an aspartic protease that hydrolyzes type I membrane proteins within the hydrophobic environment of the lipid bilayer. Using the CHAPSO-solubilized gamma-secretase assay system, we previously found that gamma-secretase activity was sensitive to the concentrations of detergent and phosphatidylcholine. This strongly suggests that the composition of the lipid bilayer has a significant impact on the activity of gamma-secretase. Recently, level of secreted beta-amyloid protein was reported to be attenuated by increasing levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) in cultured cells. However, it is not clear whether PI(4,5)P2 has a direct effect on gamma-secretase activity. In this study, we found that phosphoinositides directly inhibited CHAPSO-solubilized gamma-secretase activity. Interestingly, neither phosphatidylinositol nor inositol triphosphate altered gamma-secretase activity. PI(4,5)P2 was also found to inhibit gamma-secretase activity in CHAPSO-insoluble membrane microdomains (rafts). Kinetic analysis of beta-amyloid protein production in the presence of PI(4,5)P2 suggested a competitive inhibition. Even though phosphoinositides are minor phospholipids of the membrane, the concentration of PI(4,5)P2 within the intact membrane has been reported to be in the range of 4-8 mm. The presence of PI(4,5)P2-rich rafts in the membrane has been reported in a range of cell types. Furthermore, gamma-secretase is enriched in rafts. Taking these data together, we propose that phosphoinositides potentially regulate gamma-secretase activity by suppressing its association with the substrate.

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Keywords

beta-amyloid protein production
 
cell types
 
CHAPSO-insoluble membrane microdomains
 
CHAPSO-solubilized gamma-secretase assay system
 
competitive inhibition
 
cultured cells
 
detergent
 
gamma-secretase
 
gamma-secretase activity
 
hydrolyzes type
 
hydrophobic environment
 
intact membrane
 
Kinetic analysis
 
lipid bilayer
 
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate
 
secreted beta-amyloid protein