Article

Histone deacetylase 9 is a negative regulator of adipogenic differentiation.

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
Journal of Biological Chemistry (impact factor: 4.77). 06/2011; 286(31):27836-47. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M111.262964 pp.27836-47
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes capable of efficiently storing lipids is an important regulatory mechanism in obesity. Here, we examined the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in the regulation of adipogenesis. We find that among the various members of the HDAC and HAT families, only HDAC9 exhibited dramatic down-regulation preceding adipogenic differentiation. Preadipocytes from HDAC9 gene knock-out mice exhibited accelerated adipogenic differentiation, whereas HDAC9 overexpression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes suppressed adipogenic differentiation, demonstrating its direct role as a negative regulator of adipogenesis. HDAC9 expression was higher in visceral as compared with subcutaneous preadipocytes, negatively correlating with their potential to undergo adipogenic differentiation in vitro. HDAC9 localized in the nucleus, and its negative regulation of adipogenesis segregates with the N-terminal nuclear targeting domain, whereas the C-terminal deacetylase domain is dispensable for this function. HDAC9 co-precipitates with USF1 and is recruited with USF1 at the E-box region of the C/EBPα gene promoter in preadipocytes. Upon induction of adipogenic differentiation, HDAC9 is down-regulated, leading to its dissociation from the USF1 complex, whereas p300 HAT is up-regulated to allow its association with USF1 and accumulation at the E-box site of the C/EBPα promoter in differentiated adipocytes. This reciprocal regulation of HDAC9 and p300 HAT in the USF1 complex is associated with increased C/EBPα expression, a master regulator of adipogenic differentiation. These findings provide new insights into mechanisms of adipogenic differentiation and document a critical regulatory role for HDAC9 in adipogenic differentiation through a deacetylase-independent mechanism.

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Keywords

3T3-L1 preadipocytes suppressed adipogenic differentiation
 
adipogenesis segregates
 
adipogenic differentiation
 
C-terminal deacetylase domain
 
C/EBPα gene promoter
 
C/EBPα promoter
 
critical regulatory role
 
deacetylase-independent mechanism
 
differentiated adipocytes
 
direct role
 
HAT families
 
HDAC9 co-precipitates
 
HDAC9 exhibited dramatic down-regulation
 
HDAC9 expression
 
HDAC9 gene knock-out mice exhibited
 
HDAC9 localized
 
HDAC9 overexpression
 
mature adipocytes capable
 
new insights
 
regulatory mechanism