Reproductive management of dairy herds in New Zealand: attitudes, priorities and constraints perceived by farmers managing seasonal-calving, pasture-based herds in four regions.
ABSTRACT To examine attitudes, priorities, and constraints pertaining to herd reproductive management perceived by farmers managing seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy herds in four regions of New Zealand, and to explore how these varied with demographic and biophysical factors.
Key decision makers (KDM) on 133 dairy herds in four dairy regions (Waikato, Taranaki, and north and south Canterbury) were interviewed between May and July 2009. They were asked to provide demographic and biophysical data about the farm, and to rate their attitude in relation to their own personality traits, management issues and priorities, and likely constraints affecting reproductive performance in their herds. Associations between demographic factors and attitudes, priorities and constraints were analysed using univariable and multivariable proportional-odds regression models.
Farms in the regions studied in the South Island were larger, had larger herds and more staff than farms in the regions studied in the North Island. The farms in the South Island were more likely to be owned by a corporation, managed by younger people or people who had more education, and the herds were more likely to be fed a higher percentage of supplementary feed. The majority of KDM rated the current genetics, milksolids performance and reproductive performance of their herds as high or very high, and >70% believed that the reproductive performance had remained the same or improved over the preceding 3 years. Despite this, improving reproductive performance was the most highly rated priority for the next 3 years. The constraints considered most likely to have affected reproductive performance in the last 2 years were anoestrous cows, protracted calving periods, and low body condition scores; those considered least likely were artificial breeding and heat detection. Of the variables examined related to attitudes, priorities and likely constraints, there were significant differences between region for 10/40, and with age and occupation of the KDM for 24/40 and 5/40, respectively (p<0.05).
The majority of KDM reported the current reproductive performance of their herds to be high or very high, yet rated improving reproductive performance as a very high priority for the next 3 years. Mismatch between perceived and actual performance may result in reduced uptake of extension programmes designed to improve performance, and accurate benchmarking may help increase uptake and engagement. Further work is needed to determine whether the attitudes and perceptions about performance of farmers affect the likelihood of changes in their management behaviour which translate to measurable change in the actual reproductive performance of their herds. The variation in attitude, priorities and perceived constraints among age groups and region indicates that design of extension programmes may need to vary with these demographics.
-
Citations (0)
-
Cited In (0)
Page 1
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S1
Reproductive management of dairy herds in New Zealand: Attitudes, priorities and constraints perceived by
farmers managing seasonal-calving, pasture-based herds in four regions
TS Brownlie*†§, AM Weir‡, I Tarbotton#, JM Morton¥, C Heuer† and S McDougall*
* Cognosco, Animal Health Centre, PO Box 21, Morrinsville 3300, New Zealand.
† Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
§ Author for correspondence. Email: tbrownlie@ahc.co.nz
‡ Eltham District Veterinary Services, Railway Street, Eltham 4322, New Zealand.
# DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, New Zealand.
¥ Jemora Pty Ltd, PO Box 2277, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
1
Table 1. Questions used in a face-to-face structured interview of key decision makers on 133 seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy herds in four dairy
regions (Waikato, Taranaki, north Canterbury and south Canterbury) of New Zealand between May and July 2009, of their attitudes, priorities and
constraints of the reproductive management of their herds.
Interviewer ..................................................................................................
Date and time...............................................................................................
Supply number …………………………………………………………………………………….
Who was interviewed? ................................................................................
Who else was present? ................................................................................
1 The content of this supplementary information has not been edited. All risk and liability rest with the authors.
Page 2
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
Thank you for taking the time to answer these important enrolment survey questions
The questionnaire is organised into three sections: Your opinions, your herd and some disease information
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011
S2
Section
1. How many years have you been dairy farming? ................................................................................................................................
2. To which age group do you belong? ? 20 – 29 ? 30 – 39 ? 40 – 49 ? 50 – 59 ? 60+
3. What made you decide on farming as a career? (Please enter more than option if appropriate)
?Financial ? lifestyle ? had the necessary skill set ? inherited farm ? other (please specify).........................
4. Do you have any post‐school tertiary training or qualifications? ? Yes ? No
5. Have you got ultimate decision making and expenditure sign off for?
Area
Yes No, if No who does?
Annual budget approval
If Yes, please skip the
remainder of the table
If No, please
continue below
Genetic sire selection
Bull management
Length of AI
Heat detection
Use of synchronization/non‐cycler treatment
Animal health
Grazing management/purchasing feed
Staff selection/management
Page 3
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
7. Could you rate each of the following out of five. (Please consider that not all areas can be your highest priority)
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S3
Your self‐motivation for your job
Your appetite to learn more
Your attention to detail
Your herd’s current milksolids performance
Your herd’s current reproductive performance
Your herd’s current genetic quality
How important is it that seasonal farm tasks are performed on time
The importance of following proven farming protocols
Likelihood of trying new, relatively unproven ideas or technology
Benefits to you from ‘group learning’ with farmers
Your ability to manage your staff
Importance of choosing staff to match the role
Importance of staff training and improvement
The value of ideas or suggestions from your staff
The importance of delegation
Importance of farm‐succession planning for the long term
The importance of on‐farm data monitoring
The importance of farm vehicles, tools and machinery
The importance of good tracks, fences, water system and pastures
Your level of influence on other farmers
Very low
1
Very high
5
2 3 4
? n/a
? n/a
? n/a
Page 4
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
8. In the last 3 years what are the key changes you have made to your farming operation?
1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9. How would rate each of these areas against each other as priorities for you over the next three years?
(It may be necessary to show the interviewee the table here)
Very low
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S4
Very high
1 2 3 4 5
Animal health
Cow nutrition management
Environmental sustainability on your farm
Farm business management
Herd genetics
Herd milksolids performance
Herd reproductive management
Milk quality
Pasture management
Staff management
? n/a
10. Do you have written farm goals? ? Yes (please answer the following questions) ? No (please go to question 12)
Page 5
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
11. For which areas do you have written goals? (Select as many as you like):
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S5
Farm finance
?.
Reproductive management
?.
Pasture management
?.
Environmental sustainability
?.
Equity growth
?.
Herd milk solids performance
?.
Staff management
?.
Other (please specify)
?.
12. What is your main measure of ‘successful’ farming on your farm? ..............................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
13. Where did you get your information about FARMING from in the last 3 years...
Source Did you use
this source
(please circle one)
Farm consultant
Yes or No
Other farmers
Yes or No
Vets
Yes or No
Discussion groups
Yes or No
Accountants
Yes or No
Dairy NZ sources/staff
Yes or No
The internet
Yes or No
Written media or books
Yes or No
Other ................................
Yes or No
Other ................................
Yes or No
Other ................................
Yes or No
What did they advise on Value
1 = little
5 = a lot
Name or
example
Company
(contact details if
possible)
Page 6
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
14. Who do you classify as your key advisor about herd reproduction? .................................................................................................
15. In the past, have you been involved in benchmarking? ? Yes ? No (If No, please move to question 17)
16. Please list any benchmarking you are involved in: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S6
17. How many people (including you) WORKED on the farm during the 2008/09 season?
Please exclude temporary short term staff (e.g. help over calving, relief milkers)
How many full
time staff?
(please indicate how
much if not full time)
How long have each of these been with you?
Please tick the appropriate box for each staff member
(some may require more than one tick)
How many of
these are
members of
your family?
Total
Owner operator
If only yourself, please skip to question 24
Sharemilker <1yr ? 1 – 2 ? 3+?
Farm manager <1yr ? 1 – 2 ? 3+?
Herd manager <1yr ? 1 – 2 ? 3+?
Farm assistant <1yr ? 1 – 2 ? 3+?
Milk harvester/milker <1yr ? 1 – 2 ? 3+?
Other (please specify)
.......................................
<1yr ? 1 – 2 ? 3+?
Page 7
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
18. If applicable, do your staff participate in any training? ? Yes ? No (please skip to question 20)
19. If Yes, what training have they participated in?..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
20. Do your principal staff have a written job description(s)? ? Yes ? No (If No, please go to question 22)
21. Do these job descriptions include agreed performance targets? ? Yes ? No
22. How are these performance targets assessed? ...................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S7
23. Who is the main person responsible for the herd reproductive management in each of the 9 categories below: (write the persons’ role in each box eg Herd manager)
(work down each column)
Prior to Mating During AB period During bull mating
Farm policy
Takes charge of doing
Does most of the doing
24. Please enter your thoughts in the table below:
If you wanted to improve your herd’s reproductive performance,
what would you do?
Do you believe you and your
workforce have the skills to
do that?
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Have you sought any
outside input with
this?
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Unsure?
(please tick)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Page 8
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
25. In the last 3 years, have you made any changes to improve your herd’s reproductive performance?
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S8
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26. In the last 3 years do you think that your herd’s reproductive performance has ? decreased ? stayed static ? increased?
How do you think that your herd’s reproductive performance compares to other herds in this district?
? worse ? similar ? better
27. How do you assess that? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
28. What is the main barrier to improving reproduction performance on your farm? ................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
29. How likely is each of these to have been a constraint on your herd reproductive performance in the last two years?
Very unlikely
1
Very likely
5
2 3 4
AB and semen storage
Anoestrus
Body condition score
Bull management
Calving spread
Endometritis
Heat detection
Heifer size at calving
Herd genetics
Other (please specify)
...................................................
Page 9
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
30. Have you heard of DairyBase? ? Yes ? No
31. Have you heard of Healthy hoof? ? Yes ? No
32. Had you heard of InCalf before the introductory meeting?
? Yes (If Yes, please complete the following questions) ? No (If No, please ignore the last question in this section)
33. If Yes, who did you hear about Incalf from? .....................................................................................................................................................
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S9
This is the end of this section
We will now focus on herd information
Page 10
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
34. Which most resembles your production system (amount of imported feed)?
1. ? All cows on dairy platform for the year, no imported feed (No feed is imported, No supplement fed to herd except that
off the effective milking area)
2. ? Feed imported for dry cows or cows grazed off (~4 ‐14% of total feed is imported: Large variation in percentage as high rainfall and
cold areas many cows are wintered off (e.g Southland))
3. ? Feed imported to extend lactation (typically autumn feed) and for dry cows (~10‐20% of feed is imported, feed imported
to extend lactation in spring rather than autumn (e.g. Westland))
4. ? Feed imported to extend BOTH ends of lactation and dry cows (~20 ‐30% of total feed is imported)
5. ? Imported feed used all year (~25‐30% (even 55%) of total feed imported)
NB Farms feeding 1‐2kgs of meal or grain/day for most of the season might best fit system 5.
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S10
harvested
Section
35. When do heifers and cows calve in your herd?
? Spring only ? autumn only ? spring and autumn ? other (including year‐round and extended lactation, please specify)..................................
36. Predominant breed
? Friesian ? Crossbred ? Jersey ? Ayrshire ? other (please specify)………………...................……………………....
37. Which milking interval do you use?
? Twice daily ? once daily (full season) ? once daily (16 – 30 weeks of lactation) ? other (e.g. 3 times in 48hrs)
38. How many mobs do you most commonly run your milking cows in? ? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4+
39. Do you irrigate (excluding effluent)? ? Yes ? No
Page 11
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
40. Is your herd certified organic? ? Yes ? No ? Undergoing conversion
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S11
41. For each dairy shed within this farm, please complete the boxes below
Dairy number (or name) Dairy shed type (rotary, herringbone etc) Number of sets of cups
42. Within the dairy shed do you have any of the following? (Please circle)
Do you have any of the following?
Do you regularly use this
technology?
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
In line milk monitors
Automated cup removal
Automatic drafting gates
Pedometer or activity meters
Automated weighing
Electronic identification (EID)
Computer assisted feeding
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes or No
43. Could you give an approximate area for the following?
Land Farmed Area (hectares)
Dairying area
Total
Run‐off and non‐dairy
Dairying area
Run‐off
Effective
Non‐dairy
Page 12
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
44. How far away is each run off? ...............................................................................................................................................(km)
45. How many cows were milked at peak numbers in 2008/09? ...................................................................................................
46. What is your stocking density on the milking platform? .........................................................................................................
47. Please could you indicate how much supplementary feed that you were holding at the 1st of June 2008:
How much was harvested from the
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S12
How much on 1st June
dairy platform
How much was bought in
Unsure
(please tick)
Grass Silage
Maize Silage
Palm Kernel
Turnip crop
Reproductive data for the 2008 / 09 spring calving season
? n/a
? n/a
? n/a
? n/a
48. How many cows calved during spring 2008? ............................................................................................................cows
49. How many of these were first time calvers? .........................................................................................................cows
50. What was your planned start of spring calving in 2008.(PSC)? ......................................................................2008
51. How many spring‐calving cows and heifers had calved by 21 days after PSC? .....................................................cows
52. How many spring‐calving cows and heifers had calved by 42 days after PSC? .....................................................cows
53. How many spring‐calving cows and heifers had calved by 63 days after PSC? .....................................................cows
54. How many spring calving cows calved more than 63 days after the planned start of calving? ........................................cows
55. What date did the last spring‐calving cow calve? ..........................................................................................2008
Page 13
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
56. Did you induce any cows in 2008? ? Yes ? No (If No, please go to question 58)
57. If Yes, please fill in the details in this table
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S13
Induction mob When was this mob induced? How many cows in this mob?
1
2
3
4
/2008
/2008
/2008
/2008
58. Approximately how many of your calvings in 2008 required assistance from either farm staff or the vet?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
59. Did you have cows examined for uterine infections (e.g. metricheck) in the 2008/09 season? ? Yes ? No (If No, please skip to question 63)
60. When did this occur? 3 to 5 weeks before mating ? <3 weeks before mating ? after PSM ?
61. How many cows were checked? ? Whole herd ? ‘at risk’ cows only (number) ………….....................................................
62. How many cows were treated for uterine disease? ..............................................................................................................
63. What value do you place on metrichecking?
? Low benefits for my herd
? .
? Moderate
? .
? High benefits for my herd
63. How many cows had the following conditions in the 2008/09 season?
How many cases?
Please tick if no records of
the disease were kept
Retained cleaning (i.e. membranes present > 1 day after calving)
A dead (stillborn) calf (premature precalving death)
Clinical mastitis that required treatment up to the end of mating
Lameness (i.e. not fully weight bearing on one or more legs and not walking normally) up to the end of mating
Page 14
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
64. In 2008/09, did you pregnancy test the ? whole or ? part of the herd?
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S14
65. When were the cows pregnancy tested: date 1 ............................ date 2 ...........................date 3 ...............................
66. What method was used? ? Manual palpation ? ultrasound scan ? other (e.g. ballotment)
67. What information did you get from pregnancy testing? ? ‘Yes’/’no’/’late’ only ? some dated ? all dated
68. What was your empty rate? ......................................................................................................................................
69. Are you planning to pregnancy test your whole herd in 2009/10? ? Yes ? No
In 2008/09:
70. What was your planned start of mating (PSM) for your spring calving cows? ............./............./ 2008
71. What was your planned start of mating (PSM) for your spring calving heifers? ........./............./ 2008
72. Number of cows submitted at least once in 21 days (3 weeks) from PSM? .........................................................cows
73. How many cows were inseminated throughout the AB period? .................................................................................cows
74. Who was responsible for heat detection on the farm in 2008/09?
? Sole charge ? All staff ? one appointed member of staff ? other (please specify).............................
75. Heat detection was carried out
? In the dairy shed and yards ? in the races ? in the paddock ? both
76. Heat detection was performed
? Once daily ? twice daily ? three times daily ? more often
77. If tail paint or heat detection aids were used, when were these put on?
? 6 weeks before PSM ? between 6 and 4 weeks before PSM ? between 4 and 1 weeks before PSM ? 1 week before PSM ? at PSM
Page 15
Supplementary Information
Brownlie et al.
78. How much training had the heat detection observer(s) received?
New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59(1), 28-39, 2011 S15
? External tuition ? Formal protocol on farm ? preseason run through ? expected or assumed prior knowledge
? learned on the farm ? other (please specify .....................................................................................................) ? none
79. Selection of cows to be inseminated is based on
? Tail paint removal only ? heat detection aid (e.g. Kamar) ? observed standing to be mounted
? combination of these ? other (please specify) .......................................................................................
80. In 2008/09, did you use hormonal treatments (e.g. CIDRs or PGF2α) on you non cycling cows? ? Yes ? No (If No, please skip to question 88)
81. How many cows were presented for this treatment? ..........................................................................
82. When were these cows treated?
? Before PSM ? within the first 21 days after PSM ? between 21 to 28 days after PSM ? end of AB period ? combination
83. What date was this first (or only) mob treated with this treatment? ........./............./ 2008
84. If applicable, what dates were subsequent mobs treated? ........./............./ 2008 ........./............./ 2008 ........./............./ 2008
85. Were these treated cows served to ? observed oestrus or ? fixed time AB or a combination of ? both?
86. Were any of these cows resynchronized? ?Yes ? No
87. Do you intend to treat a similar number this year? ? Less ? Same number ? More
88. Did you use bulls alone to stimulate or inseminate your non‐cycling cow mob? ? Yes ? No (please go on to question 91)
89. Were these bulls ? entire or ? vasectomised (‘teasers’)?
90. If yes, when were these bulls introduced to the non‐cycling cow mob relative to the PSM? …………………………………………………………..