Page 1
Application of slingshot model to the giant radio galaxy DA240
(Brief : DA 240 in slingshot model)
by
S. Muthumeenal & Dilip G Banhatti@
@[dilip.g.banhatti@gmail.com]
School of Physics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
Abstract / Summary. We attempt a slingshot model interpretation of the unusual
association of some 1&1/3 dozen nonstellar galaxian objects around the parent optical
galaxy of the giant radio galaxy DA 240 (= 0748.6+55.8 (J2000)). Similar interpretation may
be possible for another large radio galaxy 3C 31 (= NGC 383 = 0104.6+32.1 (1950.0)).
Keywords. active galaxy – radio galaxy – beam model – slingshot model
Motivation. Spectroscopic observations of most of the 32 optical objects brighter than about
16 mag within half a degree of DA 240 parent galaxy have been reported by Peng et al
(2004). Sixteen objects show nearly the same redshift as the DA 240 parent (z = 0.0358).
Most of the others have lower redshifts, and are probably outlying members of Zwicky
cluster Zw 0756.1+5616. The objects with nearly DA 240 redshift show significant radio
emission, are mostly along DA 240 radio major axis, and their redshifts systematically vary
along this axis, implying dynamical time scale of 1 Gyr. Interpretation within beam model of
active galaxies runs into problems on several counts, while the unusual features of these
observations fit quite naturally into slingshot model.
Beam and slingshot models for active galaxies. In beam model (e.g., Begelman et al 1984 &
references therein) the central ‘engine’ harbours a deep gravitational potential (possibly a
supermassive spinning black hole) which generates twin oppositely directed magnetoplasma
beams or jets along the black hole accretion disk spin axis, travelling with at least mildly
relativistic bulk speed. The observed structures in active galaxies and their nuclei arises from
the interaction of these hydromagnetic jets progressively with the surrounding nuclear,
interstellar and intergalactic / intracluster media. The highly relativistic magnetoplasma
particles emit mainly nonthermal radiation in the entrained magnetic field. This synchrotron
radiation is observed in different polarizations and from x‐ray to radio part of the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum, but mainly in radio. (See e.g., Banhatti 1998 &
references therein.) A double radio galaxy emits predominantly radio energy from two
elongated regions called radio lobes, one on each of two sides of the optical parent galaxian
object. Bulk supersonic speeds of the twin jets through the surrounding medium leads to
shocks creating radio hotspots, especially at radio lobe ends.
In slingshot model (Saslaw et al 1974) the densely populated supermassive active galactic
nucleus ejects two or more massive objects or black holes in two diametrically opposite
directions due to gravitational dynamical instability. The black hole trajectories are seen as
jets and lobes. The black holes may escape from the supermassive galaxian nucleus or may
oscillate relative the nucleus. (See, e.g., Banhatti 1998 & references therein.)
Page 2
Basic differences between beam and slingshot models : (1) In slingshot model the ejected
black holes move substantially, while beam model has a single black hole (or possibly a
binary) more or less stationary at the nucleus. (2) In the twin beam model the source of
energy remains in the active galactic nucleus of the (extended) radio galaxy, the energy
being transported continuously to the lobes, which can be very far away from the nucleus,
while in slingshot model the sources of energy are massive black hole accretion disk systems
which move within the lobes as they locally emit synchrotron energy, so that no long
distance energy transport is needed in this ‘dressed slingshot’ (Lin & Saslaw 1977).
Slingshot model details and application to some radio galaxies. This section briefly presents
some relevant details of slingshot model and its application to some radio galaxies. The
literature used for this survey: Valtonen (1979, 1999), Valtonen & Heggie (1978), Bridle et al
(1989), Mikkola & Valtonen (1990), Borcherds & McCauley (1993), Valtonen et al (1994),
Valtonen & Heinämäki (2000). In slingshot model supermassive black holes are thrown out
from an active galaxian nucleus (AGN) via the gravitational 3‐body process. Conserving linear
momentum, a single black hole escapes in one direction and a binary in the opposite
direction, each producing radio emission along its trajectory. Numerically integrating orbits
in the model AG(N) potential and fitting simple functions through the computed points one
gets
(r / r0 ) = (2.89 – 2.4 ((t/t0 ) – 1)
2)1/2 – 0.7 , 0 < (t / t0 ) < 2
where r is the distance from the AGN, and
r0 = 0.85 {1‐ (Ve/Vesc)
2}‐5/3 (M/(3 x 1012 M�)) Kpc,
t0 = 0.75 (r0/Kpc)
1.3 (M/(3 x 1012 M�))
‐0.25 Myr.
M is the AGN mass and M� is the solar mass. The escape velocity is
Vesc = 3110 (M/(3 x 10
12 M�))
0.25 km/s
These expressions are within 10% of numerically calculated orbits for 0.8 ≤ (Ve/Vesc) < 1. Different
radio sources modeled in slingshot theory include 3C 465, 3C 83.1B, 3C 288, 3C 277.3, 3C 388, Cen A,
3C 390.3, 3C 405, 3C 219, 3C 129 and 3C 274. The dynamical time scales needed are 10 Myr to 1 Gyr.
Schematic orbits are shown as line diagrams. Convolution with appropriate emission function gives
radio brightness distribution. (See the references listed earlier.)
Beam and slingshot models for double radio sources. In beam theory large scale jets represent
particle flow channels, while in slingshot model they are trails left behind by the outgoing black hole
and its backward pointing beam. Trails are pressure confined and essentially stationary, while flow
channels are seen as dynamic entities.
The frequency of detecting jets and counter‐jets in double radio galaxies and quasars goes against
the simplest versions of beam model, while it can be readily explained in slingshot model.
Jets which do not originate from the galactic nucleus (e. g., 3C 338) are problematic in beam model
but are expected in slingshot model.
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Double hotspots in radio lobes sometimes present a problem in beam theory, especially when there
are indications of current particle acceleration in both hotspots. In slingshot model double hotspots
are a standard feature.
The alignment of hotspots across the nucleus of the galaxy is good in view of the jets and the off‐axis
positions of the hotspots. This gives a strong indication that hotspots are the primary movers and jets
are only secondary phenomena. This is so in slingshot model but not in beam model.
The advantage of slingshot model is that it is an integral part of the general body of astrophysical
theory which describes the merger‐evolution of galaxies in cosmological setting. Therefore, it is fully
calculable and results may be directly compared with observations.
DA 240 features which call for slingshot model.
(1)The nonstellar galaxian objects along DA 240 radio major axis must be interpreted in beam model
as members of the same group of galaxies as the DA 240 parent. Polarization observations of DA 240
lobes imply number density n ≈ 10‐5 /cc which is too low for galaxy formation. In slingshot model
these massive objects have been flung out from the DA 240 AGN, and are at different points of the
orbit(s), so can be in any region, of high or low density.
(2)Both DA 240 lobes have roughly symmetrically placed hotspots, but they are very asymmetric in
strength, the eastern one about 50 times brighter than its western counterpart. The reason for this
brightness contrast is unclear in beam model. In slingshot theory the hotspots are dressed black
holes (Lin & Saslaw 1977), symmetrically placed due to linear momentum balance, with their own
twin‐jet systems that may have very different synchrotron emissivities.
(3)Of the 16 nonstellar galaxian objects with redshifts similar to DA 240 parent, 10 are aligned along
the radio lobes while 6 lie along roughly orthogonal axis. In beam theory there is no direct
connection between this grouping and the radio galaxy jets or beams. In slingshot theory there is an
orbital plane with concentration near the AGN, and due to orbital instability, massive objects are
ejected in a narrow cone normal to and on both sides of the central flat nuclear concentration. For
such a scenario for DA 240, the 6 objects / galaxies that lie in directions roughly normal to the double
radio source axis should be by far the more massive component of the total mass of the DA 240
group. Perhaps this can be verified by future spectroscopic mass estimates.
(4)Monte Carlo simulations show that the chance that 17 objects are aligned as observed is about
3×10‐4, indicating a causal connection, mysterious in beam model, but quite natural in slingshot
mechanism. A stable dynamical axis over time scale much longer than synchrotron emission age is
also consistent with slingshot model.
(5)Projecting onto the radio major axis the location of each of 11 objects on or near the axis, and
plotting the redshift difference relative to the median as Δv vs the distance D along the axis gives a
correlation of slope Δv/D ≈ 425 km/s/Mpc, with correlation coefficient ‐0.74 (Peng et al 2004). This
calls for an explanation, not naturally possible in beam theory, but maybe possible in slingshot
model.
Acknowledgements. The work reported here formed part of S. Muthumeenal’s M.Phil. project in
2007. DGB thanks UGC, New Delhi for financial support.
End of preview.