Article

Maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection and congenital transmission of cytomegalovirus.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (impact factor: 3.58). 10/2010; 29(10):915-8. DOI:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181e0ce05 pp.915-8
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT To determine the frequency of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers and assess risk factors that may facilitate intrauterine transmission of CMV, including the role of perinatal HIV infection.
Retrospective cohort study of infants who were born to HIV-infected mothers at Parkland Memorial Hospital and screened for congenital CMV infection according to a standard nursery protocol between February 1, 1997 and May 31, 2005.
During the 8-year study period that included 125,781 live births, there were 367 infants (0.3%) born to 303 HIV-infected mothers. Of 333 HIV-exposed infants who were screened for CMV, 10 (3%) had congenital CMV infection and 6 (60%) of these were identified only because of the CMV screening protocol. Four (1%) infants were infected with HIV, and none of these was CMV-infected. Compared with CMV-uninfected infants, CMV-infected, HIV-exposed newborns had lower mean birth weight (2508 versus 3148 g, P < 0.01), lower gestational age (37 vs. 39 weeks, P < 0.01), and higher median maternal HIV viral load at the start of prenatal care (15,411 vs. 2209 copies/mL, P = 0.02). CMV-infected infants were more likely to be born to mothers who were diagnosed with HIV during the pregnancy or at delivery (P = 0.03).
The prevalence of congenital CMV infection among HIV-exposed newborns was 3%. Screening of these infants for CMV would allow identification of infants who are at risk for delayed onset of hearing loss and other neurodevelopmental impairment.

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    Article: Congenital cytomegalovirus mortality in the United States, 1990-2006.
    Benjamin N Bristow, Kaitlin A O'Keefe, Shira C Shafir, Frank J Sorvillo
    [show abstract] [hide abstract]
    ABSTRACT: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common intrauterine infection in the United States disproportionately affecting minority races and those of lower socio-economic class. Despite its importance there is little information on the burden of congenital CMV-related mortality in the US. To measure congenital CMV-associated mortality in the US and assess possible racial/ethnic disparities, we reviewed national death certificate data for a 17-year period. Congenital CMV-associated deaths from 1990 through 2006 were identified from multiple-cause-coded death records and were combined with US census data to calculate mortality rates. A total of 777 congenital CMV-associated deaths occurred over the 17-year study period resulting in 56,355 years of age-adjusted years of potential life lost. 71.7% (557) of congenital CMV-associated deaths occurred in infants (age less than 1 year). Age-adjusted mortality rates stratified by race/ethnicity revealed mortality disparities. Age-adjusted rate ratios were calculated for each racial/ethnic group using whites as the reference. Native Americans and African Americans were 2.34 (95% CI, 2.11-2.59) and 1.89 (95% CI, 1.70-2.11) times respectively, more likely to die from congenital CMV than whites. Asians and Hispanics were 0.54 (95% CI, 0.44-0.66) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.83-1.10) times respectively, less likely to die from congenital CMV than whites. Congenital CMV infection causes appreciable mortality in the US exacting a particular burden among African Americans and Native Americans. Enhanced surveillance and increased screening are necessary to better understand the epidemiology of congenital CMV infection in addition to acceleration of vaccine development efforts.
    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 01/2011; 5(4):e1140. · 4.69 Impact Factor
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Keywords

303 HIV-infected mothers
 
333 HIV-exposed infants
 
birth weight
 
CMV screening protocol
 
CMV-uninfected infants
 
congenital CMV infection
 
congenital cytomegalovirus
 
February 1
 
hearing loss
 
higher median maternal HIV viral load
 
HIV)-infected mothers
 
HIV-exposed newborns
 
HIV-infected mothers
 
human immunodeficiency virus
 
intrauterine transmission
 
lower gestational age
 
neurodevelopmental impairment
 
Parkland Memorial Hospital
 
perinatal HIV infection
 
prenatal care