Probing Atlas model atmospheres at high spectral resolution

Abstract

Aims. The fast improvement of spectroscopic observations makes mandatory a strong effort on the theoretical side to better reproduce the spectral energy distribution (SED) of stars at high spectral resolution. In this regard, relying on the Kurucz Atlas/Synthe original codes we computed the Bluered library, consisting of 832 synthetic SED of stars, that cover a large parameter space at very high spectral resolution ($R = 500\,000$) along the 3500-7000 Å  wavelength range.Methods. Bluered synthetic spectra have been used to assess in finer detail the intrinsic reliability and the performance limits of the Atlas theoretical framework. The continuum-normalized spectra of the Sun, Arcturus, and Vega, plus a selected list of 45 bright stars with high-quality SEDs from the Prugniel & Soubiran Elodie catalog, form our sample designed to probe the global properties of synthetic spectra across the entire range of H-R parameters.Results. Atlas models display a better fitting performance with increasing stellar temperature. High-resolution spectra of Vega, the Sun, and Arcturus have been reproduced at $R=100\,000$, respectively, within a 0.7%, 4.5%, and 8.8% relative scatter in residual flux. In all the three cases, the residual flux distribution shows a significant asymmetry (skewness parameter $\gamma = -2.21, -0.98, -0.67$, respectively), which neatly confirms an overall “excess” of theoretical line blanketing. For the Sun, this apparent discrepancy is alleviated, but not recovered, by a systematic decrease (-40%) of the line oscillator strengths, $\log (gf)$, especially referring to iron transitions. Definitely, a straight “astrophysical” determination of $\log (gf)$ for each individual atomic transition has to be devised to overcome the problem. By neglecting overblanketing effects in theoretical models when fitting high-resolution continuum-normalized spectra of real stars, we lead to a systematically warmer effective temperature (between +80 and +300 K for the solar fit) and a slightly poorer metal content.