Article

Transcriptional analysis of kidneys during repair from AKI reveals possible roles for NGAL and KIM-1 as biomarkers of AKI-to-CKD transition.

Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
AJP Renal Physiology (impact factor: 4.42). 02/2010; 298(6):F1472-83. DOI:10.1152/ajprenal.00619.2009 pp.F1472-83
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Acute kidney injury (AKI) is being increasingly shown to be a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but little is known about the possible mechanistic links. We hypothesized that analysis of the genomic signature in the repair stage after AKI would reveal pathways that could link AKI and CKD. Unilateral renal pedicle clamping for 45 min was performed in male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were euthanized at 3, 10, and 28 days after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Total RNA was isolated from kidney and analyzed using an Illumina mouse array. Among 24,600 tested genes, 242, 146, and 46 genes were upregulated at days 3, 10, and 28 after IRI, and 85, 35, and 0 genes were downregulated, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that gene expression changes were primarily related to immune and inflammatory pathways both early and late after AKI. The most highly upregulated genes late after AKI were hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Havcr1) and lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), which code for kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), respectively. This was unexpected since they are both primarily potential biomarkers of the early stage of AKI. Furthermore, increases observed in gene expression in amiloride binding protein 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and endothelin 1 could explain the salt-sensitive hypertension that can follow AKI. These data suggested that 1) persistent inflammation and immune responses late after AKI could contribute to the pathogenesis of CKD, 2) late upregulation of KIM-1 and NGAL could be a useful marker for sustained renal injury after AKI, and 3) hypertension-related gene changes could underlie mechanisms for persistent renal and vascular injury after AKI.

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Keywords

0 genes
 
Acute kidney injury
 
amiloride binding protein 1
 
chronic kidney disease
 
endothelin 1
 
gene expression changes
 
Gene ontology analysis
 
genes
 
Illumina mouse array
 
inflammatory pathways
 
kidney injury molecule-1
 
lipocalin 2
 
male C57BL/6J mice
 
pathogenesis
 
persistent renal
 
repair stage
 
risk factor
 
useful marker
 
vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
 
virus cellular receptor 1
 

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