Article

Ghrelin inhibits cell apoptosis induced by lipotoxicity in pancreatic beta-cell line.

Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
Regulatory Peptides (impact factor: 2.11). 04/2010; 161(1-3):43-50. DOI:10.1016/j.regpep.2009.12.017 pp.43-50
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Lipotoxicity plays an important role in underlying mechanism of type 2 diabetes. Prolonged exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to elevated levels of fatty acid is associated with beta-cell apoptosis. Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide, mainly secreted from X/A like cells of gastric fungus. The effects of ghrelin are considered to be broadly including cell protection. However, the mechanism of ghrelin protecting pancreatic beta-cells against lipotoxicity is unknown. Our study showed that ghrelin promoted cell survival and attenuated palmitate-induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells (MIN6). Exposure of MIN6 cells to palmitate (0.4mM) for 24h caused a significant increase in cell apoptosis, which could be protected by ghrelin. Exposure of MIN6 cells to ghrelin caused a rapid activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) under lipotoxic state. Furthermore, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, abolished the anti-lipotoxic effect of ghrelin, as well as ghrelin-induced inhibition of JNK, while JNK inhibitor, SP600125 enhanced protective effect of ghrelin on MIN6 cells. Ghrelin also inhibited the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and it down-regulated Bax in MIN6 cells. For secretion experiment, ghrelin suppressed insulin release under palmitate-incubated state. Our findings suggest that ghrelin may prevent lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in MIN6 cells through activation of PKB, inhibition of JNK and mitochondrial pathway.

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    Article: Growth hormone secretagogues preserve the electrophysiological properties of mouse cardiomyocytes isolated from in vitro ischemia/reperfusion heart.
    Yi Ma, Lin Zhang, Bradley S Launikonis, Chen Chen
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    ABSTRACT: Ischemic heart diseases often induce cardiac arrhythmia with irregular cardiac action potential (AP). This study aims to demonstrate that GH secretagogues (GHS) ghrelin and its synthetic analog hexarelin can preserve the electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes experiencing ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Isolated hearts from adult male mice underwent 20 min global ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion using a Langendorff apparatus. Ghrelin (10 nm) or hexarelin (1 nm) was administered in the perfusion solution either 10 min before or after ischemia, termed pre- or posttreatments. Cardiomyocytes isolated from these hearts were used for whole-cell patch clamping to measure AP, voltage-gated L-type calcium current (I(CaL)), transient outward potassium current (I(to)), and sodium current (I(Na)). AP amplitude and duration were significantly decreased by I/R, but GHS treatments maintained their normality. GHS treatments prevented the decrease in I(CaL) and I(Na) after I/R, thereby maintaining AP amplitude. Although the significant increase in I(to) after I/R partially explained the shortened AP duration, the normalization of it by GHS treatments might contribute to the preservation of AP duration. Phosphorylated p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and the downstream active caspase-9 in the cellular apoptosis pathway were significantly increased after I/R but not when GHS treatments were included, whereas phosphorylation of ERK1/2 associated with cell survival showed increase after I/R and a further increase after GHS treatments by binding to its receptor GHS receptor type 1a. These results suggest GHS can not only preserve the electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes after I/R but also inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promote cell survival by modification of MAPK pathways through activating GHS receptor type 1a.
    Endocrinology 09/2012; 153(11):5480-90. · 4.46 Impact Factor
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Keywords

28-amino acid peptide
 
attenuated palmitate-induced apoptosis
 
beta-cell apoptosis
 
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
 
cell apoptosis
 
cell protection
 
gastric fungus
 
ghrelin-induced inhibition
 
JNK inhibitor
 
lipotoxic state
 
lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis
 
MIN6 cells
 
mitochondrial pathway
 
palmitate-incubated state
 
pancreatic beta-cells
 
PI3K inhibitor
 
Prolonged exposure
 
protein kinase B
 
rapid activation
 
type 2 diabetes
 

Wei Wang