Article
Epigenetic repression of DNA mismatch repair by inflammation and hypoxia in inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer.
Department of Pathology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4800, USA.
Cancer Research (impact factor:
7.86).
08/2009;
69(16):6423-9.
DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1285
Source: PubMed
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Article: Association of smoking, CpG island methylator phenotype, and V600E BRAF mutations in colon cancer.
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ABSTRACT: Cigarette smoking has been associated with microsatellite instability in sporadic colon cancer. Most microsatellite-unstable colon cancers have widespread methylation of CpG islands (i.e., the CpG island methylator phenotype [CIMP]), and many of these tumors harbor the V600E BRAF mutation. We investigated whether the association between smoking and all colon cancers could be explained through induction of CIMP and/or BRAF mutations. We evaluated 1315 case patients with colon cancer and 2392 control subjects in a population-based study. Demographic information, including smoking history, was obtained in an interview. Microsatellite instability was determined primarily by evaluation of the mononucleotide repeat BAT-26. CIMP was determined by sodium bisulfite modification of DNA followed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification of CpG islands in hMLH1, p16, and MINTS1, -2, and -31. Tumors were scored as CIMP high (i.e., > or = 2 CpG islands methylated) or CIMP low (i.e., < 2 CpG islands methylated). BRAF V600E mutations were identified by sequencing. Logistic regression was used to quantify relationships among smoking, CIMP, and BRAF. All statistical tests were two-sided. Heavy smoking (i.e., > 20 cigarettes per day), compared with nonsmoking, was associated with an increased risk of CIMP-high colon cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43 to 2.97) and also with BRAF V600E mutations (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.80 to 5.54). The association between cigarette smoking and the risk of colon cancer was limited to the minority of tumors that were CIMP high and BRAF wild type or CIMP high and BRAF mutated (for heavy smokers, OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.23 to 2.97, and OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.53 to 5.29, respectively). All relationships above showed a statistically significant relationship to amount smoked (P(trend) < .001 for all, except that relationship with tumors that were CIMP high and BRAF wild type, for which P(trend) = .008) and were independent of microsatellite instability. Previously identified associations between smoking and colon cancer, whether microsatellite unstable or stable, appear to be explained by the association of smoking with CIMP and BRAF mutations.CancerSpectrum Knowledge Environment 12/2006; 98(23):1731-8. · 14.07 Impact Factor -
Article: Hypoxia and gastrointestinal disease.
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ABSTRACT: The gastrointestinal mucosa is a richly perfused vascular bed directly juxtaposed with the anaerobic and nonsterile lumen of the gut. As such, intestinal epithelial cells, which line the mucosa, experience a uniquely steep physiologic oxygen gradient in comparison with other cells of the body. Inflammation associated with a loss of epithelial barrier function and unregulated exposure of the mucosal immune system to luminal antigens leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a relatively common disorder with severe morbidity and a limited therapeutic repertoire. During IBD, increased tissue metabolism and vasculitis renders the chronically inflamed mucosa and particularly the epithelium hypoxic, giving rise to the activation of the hypoxia-responsive transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Recent studies utilizing conditional intestinal epithelial hif1a-null mice have revealed a protective role for epithelial HIF-1alpha in murine models of IBD. Such protection occurs, at least in part, through HIF-dependent induction of barrier-protective genes in the epithelium. More recently, studies employing pharmacologic activation of HIF via inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylases revealed a profoundly protective effect of these agents in murine models of colitis. In this paper, we review this pathway in detail and examine the therapeutic potential for targeting HIF hydroxylases in intestinal mucosal inflammatory disease.Journal of Molecular Medicine 01/2008; 85(12):1295-300. · 4.67 Impact Factor -
Article: The DNA mismatch repair genes Msh3 and Msh6 cooperate in intestinal tumor suppression.
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ABSTRACT: Repair of mismatches in DNA in mammalian cells is mediated by a complex of proteins that are members of two highly conserved families of genes referred to as MutS and MutL homologues. Germline mutations in several members of these families, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2, but not MSH3, are responsible for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. To examine the role of MSH3, we generated a mouse with a null mutation in this gene. Cells from Msh3-/- mice are defective in repair of insertion/ deletion mismatches but can repair base-base mismatches. Msh3-/- mice develop tumors at a late age. When the Msh3-/- and Msh6-/- mutations are combined, the tumor predisposition phenotype is indistinguishable from Msh2-/- or Mlh1-/- mice. These results suggest that MSH3 cooperates with MSH6 in tumor suppression.Cancer Research 03/2000; 60(4):803-7. · 7.86 Impact Factor
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Keywords
acetyl histone H3 levels
Chronically inflamed Gialpha2-/- colonic mucosa
colitic Gialpha2-/- crypts
data link chronic hypoxic inflammation
epigenetic MMR protein down-regulation
Gialpha2-/- cancers
heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit Gialpha2
histone deacetylase-dependent mechanism
human MMR-deficient colorectal cancer
hypoxia markers DEC-1
hypoxic YAMC cells
lymphocytic infiltration
MMR)-deficient colorectal cancers account
MMR-deficient colorectal cancer
MMR-deficient colorectal cancers
patchy hypoxia
proximal Mlh1 promoter
right-sided cancers
Sporadic human mismatch
transcriptional repressor DEC-1
