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ISVS-6
6th International Seminar on Vernacular Settlements,
Contemporary Vernaculars: Places, Processes and Manifestations,
April 19-21, 2012, Famagusta, North Cyprus.
Design Values in Traditional Architecture: Malay House
E. Hosseini (PhD Candidate), G. Mursib (PhD), and R. Nafida (PhD)
Department of Architecture
University of Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
B. Shahedi (PhD Candidate)
Department of Architecture
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract
The characteristic of traditional architecture generates a congenial place through a sympathetic
design of its cultural environment and local people. The historical precedents demonstrate how the
characteristic of traditional architecture accumulates and embodied its significant of traditional
values in the contemporary architecture. Studies have indicated on a common thought of
supporting the concept of tradition, and its related features. Additionally, development of regional
guidelines, base on theories such as regionalism, critical regionalism, modern regionalism, and
vernacularism pose by theorists. In spite of all these activities, the constitutions of cultural and social
values of many architects were being inattentive in contemporary architecture due to the
globalization and international treat. Influencing such non-regional characteristics in contemporary
design and forgetting the preceding knowledge in traditional practices have caused unsustainable
contemporary designs. This paper seeks to discover the values of traditional architecture through
exploration of Malay traditional house and demonstrated the potential of traditional architecture as
an appropriate paradigmatic robust vehicle to innovate the contemporary architecture. The
evidence derived from traditional Malay houses as cases to explore the enquiry of this
paper. Data collected through observation and variety sources of documentation. The findings
revealed the richness of traditional architecture design values by the means of preserving originality
of contemporary architecture through consideration of traditional values and attributes. The paper
concluded with a framework of cultural context in relation to regional contemporary architecture,
which performed base on the values of traditional architecture.
Keywords: Tradition Malay house, Design values, culture, contemporary architecture
E. Hosseini, G. Mursib, R. Nafida, B. Shahedi
Figure 1: The traditional Malay house is a source of identification of societies’
belief, morality, and ideology, which is laid on the platform of cultural legacy.
Source: Photo taken by authors, January 2012 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Introduction
The characteristics of traditional architecture constitute significant phenomena in development of
society’s life. It is performing as a common perception of life in which accepting through the form
and spatial hierarchy of built environment [2]. The traditional Malay house is one of the richest
components of Malaysian cultural heritage, formulating based on cultural and local condition of
society’s demands [1]. And most importantly, it’s a source of identification of society’s belief,
morality, and ideology, which is laid on the platform of cultural legacy [3], Fig.1.
Although, It could be argued that, there are substantial design values exists in the context of Malay
traditional house, the principles of this valuable phenomenon are still remaining inattentive to some
architects who are leading the characteristic of Malay architecture to the hybrid fashion.
Additionally, the negligence of contemporary architectural design toward regional factors such as
culture, site, climate, and conventions have contradictions due to motivating interest of some
scholars to the direction of traditional design values in their works [4].
The signature of Malaysian Traditional architecture (MTA) is undergoing in to the considerable
change on contemporary architecture and is disregarding its originality [5]. The MTA is disregarding
its design values and going under a considerable transformation. The colonial imaginary and the
Malay ethical roots have neglected as the result of controversial issues in the design values of
contemporary Malaysian architecture [5].
In discourse of traditional architecture and issues in contemporary there are numerous common
thoughts, which have shared a coherent idea of recapturing the issues and the process of
reinterpreting of contemporary Malaysian architecture by application of Malay traditional
architecture in design values. Thereby, different theoretical perspectives posed by scholars to
support the concepts of tradition, and their related features. The perception of these philosophical
ideas uncovers the notions of traditional and regional architecture to utilize a creative process of
reinterpreting contemporary Malay architecture. These ideologies signify and describe some
rational approaches toward proposing the meaningful and sustainable components of traditional
and regional architecture to support the Malay contemporary design. Findings indicated, traditional
architecture embodies the experiences of ancient designer, which are highly significant to
contemporary architecture [6]. Additionally, inspiration of traditional architecture as considerable
concepts reproduce professional ideas in contemporary architecture rather than reproduction of
stylistic imitation of forms [7]. Studies showed that, MTA has become a controversial subject for
many architects. Architects who’s simultaneously want to create a paradigm from their originality
and paradox toward globalization in their professional practice [8].
ISVS-6, April 19-21, 2012, Famagusta, North Cyprus
The existing issues necessitate considering the significance application of design values in
contemporary architecture. Hence, in the process of developing contemporary architecture,
buildings could be designed through adaptation and modification of these evolvements from
cultural experience, which are acceptable to the community [6]. The practical design in
contemporary architecture would be proceeding through the exploration of traditional architecture
with reference to underlying principles such as values, beliefs, ideologies and etc. [6]. Analysis of
traditional architectural building contributes to the constitution of new development schemes in
the contemporary architectural language as the set of design tools to increase the freedom of
design [9].
The knowledge of traditional values is an asset to practitioners, architects, academicians, and
societies. The preservation of originality through the constitution of contemporary regional
architecture is a crucial to continuity of Malay traditional houses [10]. This paper focuses on the
application of traditional design values in domestic architecture such as residential, home, and
family, which is the most social structuralism of society concerning home, family, tradition, ritual,
and custom of Malays. It seeks to explore the Malay traditional house, identifying the significant
design values to be applicable in innovation of the contemporary Malaysian architecture.
Given the essential of cultural stability, contemporary Malay architecture needs to recapture the
meaningful design values of traditional Malay architecture such as the spirit of traditional time to
generate concepts, preserving its originality to meet users’ demands. Hence, this paper intends to
link the knowledge and design values of Malay traditional architecture to the contemporary
Malaysian architecture as the manes of a protecting device in the traditional regionalism characters.
The questions which posed by this study are; why the Malay traditional architecture is an applicable
innovator to the regional Malaysian contemporary architecture and how does it reinterpret to
enhance the contemporary Malaysian architectures? The assessment of study achieved through
qualitative evidence. The majority of data collected through textual documents and direct field
observation where the participant experiencing the phenomenon.
Significant of Malay Traditional House
The central position of collective notion and shape relies on the concept of traditional architecture,
which holding the central position, describing the metaphorical, symbolic and abstract way of
approach to originality of architecture. The harmonious life of people’s beliefs, cultural practices,
and their lifestyle in Malay traditional houses are in associated with essential part of the Malay
culture [1]. The creation of physical and spatial characteristics of traditional buildings is influenced
by the needs and customs of purity in the Malays [10]. Furthermore, there is a belief in moral and
religious implications in the philosophy of the traditional Malay architecture [11]. Adaptation of the
Malay traditional house with the culture, lifestyle, social, and economic needs of Malays, creates a
good housing quality, fitting to its built environment [1]. The significant consistency of traditional
Malay architecture is demonstrated by the repetitive of elements. The indication of elements
depicts the operation of ordering principle in the form of buildings. Additionally, several interrelated
systems of these ordering principles constitute a device in traditional Malay houses [11]. The
physical characteristics of the form of traditional Malay houses observed and explore through
common features of these buildings. These primary visual characteristics are created due to rules or
system of orders [10]. Floor, wall, and roof are three basic main elements in manifestation of
E. Hosseini, G. Mursib, R. Nafida, B. Shahedi
Figure 2: Malay traditional houses on the stilts to facilitate ventilation and also panels
regulate the ventilation and penetration from outdoor to in door.
Source: Photo taken by authors, January 2012 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
traditional Malay houses, which have been the most primary considerable elements through the
majority of the researches on the traditional Malay architecture [12]. The elevated houses above the
ground and various changing of level in different regions are one of the common features and
prominent visual character of Malay traditional house [10]. The various types and styles of Malay
traditional houses are classified based on the form of roofs and in some cases these variations were
defined by the number of columns [1]. The different geometries of the roof shape in the traditional
Malay houses are significant in relation to the tropical climate. The variations in typology of Malay
traditional houses are as a reaction to the tropical climate of the regions. In addition, they gave an
account on constructing the floor of the Malay traditional houses on the stilts to overcome the
dampness of underneath ground, flood, and also for facilitating ventilation. Besides, the
construction of the high sloped roofs as a convenience device for users against hot and humid
weather through penetrable space under the roof overhang as well as protecting from seasonal rain
falls [13]. In addition to facilitating ventilation, the carving ornaments of panels regulate the
ventilation and penetration of the sun ray through fenestrations of the external vertical plane rather
than its visual interest [1],Fig. 2. The cultural and traditional way of life in Malaysia has influence on
the physical, Spatial, and functional elements of the houses.
These three essential categories of elements subsequently are being constituted by the structural
and visual characteristics, spatial organization, and daily activities of users, which have direct
influence to the definition of space planning due to meet all functional requirements [3]. Culture is
as an essential factor of operation and molding the form of Malay traditional house. The form of
Malay traditional house generally constructed by the juxtaposition of solid as wood columns and
void consist of various openings such as widows. These opening linings of the wall panels have
emerged from the way of life and culture of users [1]. The commonalities of Physical characteristics
in Malay traditional houses are acting as existing indicators of the architectural values and
phenomena. These values reveal through common patterns, which applicable to the determination
of form in Malay traditional house.
Additionally, constitutions of spaces in Malay traditional house associated in a firm relation with the
human activities, constraints, and space occupation such as utensils and furnishing [10]. The spatial
organization of Malay traditional house provided convenience for occupants by consideration
towards cultural aspects, daily needs, and activities of ordinary people [14]. The penetrable internal
spaces of Malay traditional house express the influence of culture in the planning of layout. These
cultural beliefs are in connection with creating a firm relation in family, elderly respectfulness, and
definition of women’s position in the house [14]. These multipurpose spaces are in different level
and volume with minimum dividing partitions. This hierarchical order is based on the value of spaces
ISVS-6, April 19-21, 2012, Famagusta, North Cyprus
[15]. The spatial characteristic of Malay traditional house involved with the occupation of three-
dimensional characters of mass, surface, and volume as physical, structural, and invisible attributes
[10]. The Malay traditional house is as a flexible guideline and solution, which are applicable in
current housing design. In addition, the physical attributes of Malay traditional architecture leads to
determination of the underlying principle, which embedded in regulations of its built construction.
The integration of these principles has influence in the form of Malay traditional house. Despite
regional variations of forms in Malay traditional house, they have three common basic space
layouts, Kitchen (Dapur), Private living space (Rumah Ibu) and male reception area (Serambi) [10],
Fig. 3.
All these three basic spaces have the property of additivity, subtractive, and translocation based on
their grid structure. The systems of gridding in most of the Malay traditional houses are irregular
based on asymmetrical layouts [10]. The variation and flexibility of the Malay traditional house is in
a prefabricated system of construction, which is suited to the needs of users [1].
Traditional houses
Traditional houses are the most fundamental architectural phenomenon, performing as humanistic,
folklore, and cultural instrumentation in which adopted for the daily needs of society’s demand [14].
Traditional houses are homogeneous and contextual to their built environment. Moreover,
traditional houses are the simple and clear constructional heritage, which resulted from sympathy
and cooperation of users, construction, and other artifacts through generations [16], Fig.4.
In a survey of examining the traditional houses Langhein [9] concluded, that the design aesthetic
quality of traditional architecture was based on inherent needs of people for creating an endurable
place, adapted to its environmental conditions. The forms of traditional houses influence by cultural
Figure 4: Traditional houses are the simple and clear constructional heritage with sympathy and
cooperation of users, construction, and artifacts through generations.
Source: Photo taken by authors, March 2011, January 2012 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Figure 3: Three common basic space layout, Kitchen (Dapur), Private living space (Rumah ibu) and male
reception area (Serambi). Source: The Malay house [1]
E. Hosseini, G. Mursib, R. Nafida, B. Shahedi
Figure 5: design values of regionalism have a strong sense of connection with
the human identification of a particular environment. Source: Photo gallery
aspects and environmental factors. Design process of traditional houses fulfils the most
characteristics requirements of society such as preservation toward adjustment of an identical form
of dwelling [10]. This identical form as a variable has been capable of modification due to specific
demands of families and conditions of built environment (site, climate ...) [2]. Hence, cultural and
traditional society’s characters must be transmitted to future generations as the mean of preserving
cultural roots [3].
Theoretical Perspective in Relation to Traditional Architecture
The significance of theoretical evidence in different manner by scholars supports the concepts of
traditional architecture and their related features. Theoretically, the numerous concepts and
theories have been researched to characterize the relationship between architecture and society
[17]. The principle of regionalism theory has been offered to signify the importance of precedent
(past) to contemporary (present) in characteristics and cultural context of architectural background
[18]. The viewpoint of regionalism as theoretical approach toward issues is considering the actual
conditions of life as a mean of manifesting the culture in the regional architecture to satisfy the
environmental requirements in relation to users [19], Fig.5.
Achievement of a visual harmony by creating a purposeful interaction between architectural
buildings forms and environmental characteristic is the main concern of regionalism concept [20].
Regionalism design value is a factual international phenomenon [21], with orientation toward
harmonization of building with local geology and environmental conditions of its settlement [22].
The architectural design values of regionalism have a strong sense of connection with the human
identification of a particular environment [20]. Over the history of regionalism, identity and folklore
issues are the most considerable factors in characteristic of built environments that emphasized on
regional design values [21].
National identity, principles, and values of traditional architecture have impact on contemporary
architecture based on critical regionalism to act as key themes, which were being used as a
fundamental theory in developed countries to describe the modern architecture. The critical
regionalism is not to produce simple copies of the traditional fragments. Architecture must stand on
the platform of a self-reflection rather than depending on contradiction viewpoints of contemporary
architecture towards region, tradition and history [21]. Theoretical perspective is dealing with the
ISVS-6, April 19-21, 2012, Famagusta, North Cyprus
symbols of physical characteristic in traditional design values. Critical regionalism identifies the
effective factors in producing the vernacular architecture to represent in the figure of a critical
concept [23]. The governing inspiration of critical regionalism is based on the range of its critical self-
consciousness of the quality of local light, site specifications and the tectonic, which derived from
the traditional mode of structural honesty [24]. The critical regionalism is a dialectical expression,
which would revive the traditional roots and prevent the imitation process in architectural activities.
Therefore, it propose self- seeks conscious to identify the regional cultivated values and images for
reforming the universal modernism [23]. In an article entitled “Towards a Critical Regionalism” [24],
the possibility of producing the sustainable architecture are base on two criteria. Firstly, by
distancing from the enlightenment imagination of advancement and the next by returning to the
forms based on the traditional technology. Equally, in critical, practice carried out by keeping away
from optimizing the modern technology and having a tendency towards glibly and simple decorative
of traditional architecture design values.
The traditional architecture and regional as two creative compatible branch of transformation
develop modern regionalism in modern philosophy as creating authentic modern architectures. The
first branch refers to transformation in the direction to apply the traditional effects on modern
globalization. Traditional transformation performs in two categories, replication and abstraction.
The transformation of traditional replication influences in modern style, compose revivalism and
eclecticism in contemporary architectural movement [5]. Likewise, the characteristics of
architectural originality in which its falls into the two categories, modern and tradition, Fig.6.
In general, traditional architecture embedded vernacularism roots, which made it free from
colonization of the mind [5]. Different approaches of vernacularism in the sense of tradition
developed in different scale of architecture such as domestic private homes [5]. These approaches
are classified as replication, critical and interpretive. The first approach is based on the idea of
constructing identity and is limited to the imitation of the form of vernacular typology. The second
approach refers to the traditional architecture and vernacular technology to involve in local needs
and interests. The last approach has a development vision on vernacular and traditional architecture
to meet the society’s demands in modern lifestyle. Additionally, in this approach, traditional
outcomes are being translated and interpreted in a modern idiom by using the efficient technique of
modern construction, material [5].
Traditional architecture has more values in terms of Identity, order, principles, sustainability, and it
has motivated many architects to consider in their profession [25]. The discourse on architectural
Figure 6: Traditional effect on modern architecture
Source: Photo taken by authors, March 2011, January 2012 Malaysia
Modern Tradition
Tradition Modern
E. Hosseini, G. Mursib, R. Nafida, B. Shahedi
innovation articulates all aspects of our cultural characteristics using traditional roots in a new
trend. The category of abstract transformation reinterprets traditional and modern principles that
include culture, technology, climate, and, etc. Moore [26] argued “technology and place should be
understood as the suppressed core concepts that are contained within regionalist architectural
production. These are central to our understanding of what a “region” might be, and their
interrogation is an opportunity to reconsider the history of regionalism as a concept.”
Traditional Design Values
Taking importance of traditional architectural design values into account, Holm [7] demonstrated
there will be an obvious connection between general and particular design values in contemporary
architecture associated with traditional architecture. These particular values are varied for
practitioners in different epochs as a result of society’s reflection on the distinctive ideology of
design [27]. The design movement as different performance of special design values deems to be
based on the essential requirements for creating a satisfactory design. Despite the variation of some
distinctive design values of traditional design through the development process, some of the design
values are stable and have been dominant in the process of constructing contemporary architecture
[7]. Considering the contribution of social values to the concept of traditional architecture, the
evaluation of buildings will be based on people’s culture and the contextual characteristics of the
built environment [28].
In The first glance, the permanent principles of traditional forms taking into consideration by some
practitioners and scholars rather than any cultural and environmental factors in architectural design.
However, the environmental conditions of regions have direct influence in outward characteristic of
buildings and cause to differentiate the typical traditional design values [22]. Design values of
tradition and vernacular originate from the outcomes of ancient architectural history. The
impressive apparent of traditional design values represents users’ convenience throughout timeless
beauty and understandable buildings form [29]. Despite fluctuating in the level of consideration
toward traditional design values throughout the history of architecture, it has never eliminated [7].
The augmentation of tradition and contemporary architectural features in an appropriate method
deliver the regional character of society. The interrelation of traditional and contemporary in
regional architectural characters emerged from the cultural and local characteristics of particular
place and reinforces the value of traditional design [22], Fig. 6.
Integrity of structural and functional quality of traditional buildings are the most effective design
values concerning the idea of suitability and propriety of building with corresponding to its use [7].
Traditional design values play a significant role in theoretical approach toward critical regionalist,
revivalists, and contextualize as three strategies of preserving contemporary architectural
vocabulary. First, clarification of the foundation of critical regionalist is based on interpreting
traditional character of a specific site through abstract utilization of modern vocabulary in
contemporary designs. Second, in accordance to the tendency toward traditional design values, the
concepts of contemporary design derive from traditional styles in stability of factual forms.
Regarding the last strategy (Contextualize), the usage of historical notions is restricted to particular
situation of project, contextual gesture, and environmental demands to integrate into contemporary
architecture [7].
ISVS-6, April 19-21, 2012, Famagusta, North Cyprus
Discussion
The present study highlights the significance of traditional design values to take parts in the
treatments of contemporary architecture. The intention of paper is to link the design values of
Malay traditional houses to the contemporary Malaysian architecture as the protection device in the
traditional regionalism characters. As the evidence indicates the Malay traditional house is holding
the central position of symbolic and metaphoric values in an abstract way because it is a collective
notion of belief and concepts. The essential part of Malay traditional life style as findings signify is
based on people’s beliefs, morality and ideology. These findings are consistence with the large body
of paper and leading to the constitution of keys concepts within the formation of framework. The
physical and spatial characteristic are also a common across the evidence of traditional Malay
house because the system of order in physical characteristic of interior and exterior are augmenting
with spatial quality such as Rumah Ibu with its adjacent space to Serambi and Dapur.
The design movement acts as a different performance in spatial values because it’s based on the
essential requirements for creating a satisfactory design. Despite the variation of some distinctive of
design values in the development process of traditional architecture, some of the design values are
stable and have been dominant in the process of constructing contemporary architecture. The
contribution of social design values of traditional architecture to the contemporary depicts the
evaluation of buildings based on people’s culture and the contextual characteristics of the built
environment.
The exploratory nature of paper demonstrates how the theoretical perspectives are applicable in
the constructive manner to innovative contemporary architecture. By establishment of a logical
relationship among architecture and its region based on theories, which is acting as a bridge
between tradition and contemporary development. Evidence indicates, a firm connection exist
between culture and contemporary architecture. This viewpoint implies the importance of region,
tradition, and history as a bridge between past and future. These two concepts are corroborating
with the significance of traditional design values in section two of the body of this research paper,
which emphasize on the essential parts of Malay traditional houses. Some viewpoints concerning
the regional architecture can represent in a kind of hypothetical model based upon critical thinking.
The foundation of this idea is a creative process between traditional design values and
contemporary architecture. This rational procedure consists of some Intervening design values as
variables. The roots of traditional design values found as a generator to unfold the manifestation of
vernacularism philosophy. Ones should bear in mind; the constitution of the domestic contemporary
private homes in a different scale based on traditional design values is influenced by theoretical
approach of vernacularism, regionalism, critical regionalism, and modern regionalism.
Conclusion
Constitution of the overall discussions above leads to the conclusion of the research paper and
assembled based on exploration of two keys concepts, Malay traditional house and traditional
architecture acting parallel as independent variables in the mechanism of the framework. These
concepts generated the fact and provide a great force of continuity and purity for reinterpretation
of contemporary architecture in the line of memory associates with the social experience of
traditional Malay architecture. Additionally, deliberates for the use of design values to the
E. Hosseini, G. Mursib, R. Nafida, B. Shahedi
contemporary movement as a significant part of the logical relationship that interplays within the
context of architectural design. Two other keywords concept as contemporary Malaysian
architecture and regional contemporary architecture as dependent variables are defining the goal
and outcome of the framework.
A visual commentary of the theoretical framework proposes to outline the overall vision for the
traditional Malay house as the independent concepts to the contemporary Malaysian architecture,
Fig. 7. The intention of visual commentary is to provide a directional design improvement based on
evidence to enhance the quality of contemporary architecture. These concepts derive important
features to the construction of proposed framework, which rises from the factual evidence of the
traditional Malay houses. The factual evidence perceive as the reality of built environment in the
new creative manner of reinterpreting the contemporary Malaysian architecture.
The paper contributes to the rise of questions for the future study by introduce a holistic concept
that can break down to investigate each components separately in terms of design values in the
area of the traditional architecture. The outcome of the framework provides a knowledge and
process of thinking about the significant of reinterpreting of Malay traditional house in a
contemporary style. As the result of the evidence, considerable attention should be paid to the
establishment of design approach in the contemporary architecture. This approaches are very
greatly in their purpose and range many concepts in the area of culture, Religion, custom, morality,
ideology, environmental quality, Physical characteristic, spatial characteristic, structural quality, and
craftsman quality.
Figure 7: Proposed Conceptual Framework
Traditional
Architectural Design
Values
Dependent Concepts
Independent Concepts
Traditional
Architecture
Regional
Contemporary
Architecture
Malay Traditional
House
Contemporary
Malaysian House
Culture
Religion
Custom
Morality
Ideology
Environmental Quality
Physical Characteristic
Spatial Characteristic
Structural Quality
Craftsman Quality
Intertwine Concepts
Past
Present
ISVS-6, April 19-21, 2012, Famagusta, North Cyprus
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