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Reason and unreason in decision making

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The current state of Decision Making Theories reflects the intersection of three major theoretical approaches: Expected Utility, Heuristics and Bias and Holistic Intuition. The relations between these approaches are not immediately evident nor even established in the literature, as some of these tendencies are quite new. My objective is to help to fill this gap by offering a general overview of the field, with particular attention to the epistemological conditions to which each new development responded and to the limitations of those responses. This overview will enable the reader to comprehend the conceptual foundations of intuitive decision making and to establish a critical position with respect to this emerging concept.
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391
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.
RAZÃO E DESRAZÃO NAS TOMADAS DE DECISÃO
Álvaro Machado Dias
1
Resumo: Tal como se apresenta na atualidade, o campo de Teorias de Tomadas
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
         





Palavras-chave: 

-
-
 avant la lettre,
design



1 Agradeço à Prof. Dra. Emma Oa (PSE-IPUSP) pelas discussões crícas, sugestões e revisão atenciosa, ao Prof. Dr.
Luiz Roberto G. de Brio (ICB-USP), pela orientação da pesquisa de doutorado (NEC-USP), do qual este argo é
parte, e ao economista Maracajaro Mansor pelas sugeses para tornar a discussão matemáca mais intuiva.
Este argo foi realizado com apoio da bolsa de doutorado do CNPQ.
392
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
    -

commodities-
lha entre commodities
preconizam um dos grandes temas em destaque no campo de análise de

-
-



-


pode ser estabelecida com rigor, tal como, mais amplamente, o recorte de

de pensamentos com que se associa, mediante a qual sempre carregará
alguma dose de arbitrariedade.


-










-
rica de liberdade e que assim delinearam um debate paradigmático para o

-

-

      


para a escolha entre commodities.
       

 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
393
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.

 
-


decisional.

-
         

compromisso em contemplar um modo de agir e pensar, no qual a racio-

os processos de escolha.
-
-

-
design




-
 
          
         
-
Fenomenologia da Per-
cepção

-





-
cia, nunca tentaram entender.

-




394
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s

        -



-





os modelos racionalistas são psicologicamente inconsistentes (p. 1449).






interessados em tomadas de decisão passassem a se mobilizar para enten-

-
-



-

-
-



geral, pode-se dizer que as trocas materiais são predominantemente de

soma não zero.
Focando especialmente os jogos de dois jogadores com soma zero,
-
-

-

 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
395
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.


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
-

-

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-
-
-
   

meses). O jogo pode ser jogado em rodadas nas quais entram em jogo as

   -

-
        


       





-



seja implicitamente assumida sobre o comportamento do outro jogador.

-
-

-

396
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s

será iniciar as jogadas denunciando-lhe.
-




 


-



  -
-



age teleologicamente.
-







-
-



2
Geralmente,
-



-

-

2 


 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
397
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.
-




3
), simultane-
commodity, ao grau de incerteza e/ou

4



de jogadores sociais,
5
-
-

        -
ponha que a utilidade de um agente seja expressa por . Se um jogo
promete R$4 ou nada, o jogador terá utilidade igual a 2 ou zero respec-



 

terá uma utilidade maior do que se ele participar do jogo. De onde decorre

-



-
de por , chegaríamos exatamente ao resultado oposto, em que o agente

-
tar, teríamos um comportamento que a maioria das pessoas julgaria como

-

 -

-


4 


5 


 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s

-
    


-
-

-

poderia ser categoricamente problematizado por um agente externo,

-
-








  
-
-
-
-




         


  
-






 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
399
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.

      

     


-



-
-


-



probabilidade de um resultado.


para tomadas de decisão, dando origem a um importante conceito sobre o

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
Particularmente, quando as pessoas são impelidas a decidir se um







-




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

-

400
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s

6





-
-




     Framing Effects)


       

-

-


-
-


       -
mente contingente (ancoragem), passando subsequentemente para uma

memorizados.



          -






-

6 correlações entre esmavas bayesianas e pensamento ulitarista, mas as duas coisas não
podem ser confundidas.
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
401
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.







7


-


-
-

 
       -
mente constantes entre os estabelecimentos e, assim, conhecidos dos con-

-

-

      
-
-

  


-



correlacionada ao quanto se pratica.

       
-


-

 -


402
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
-
     
-

   
-


-



Figura 1. 


-





-
-
-




 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
403
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.

um processo heurístico, que de antemão excluísse a imensa maioria das

         
       



et al., 2005).
expert
-


outra área.
-
-


      
 
pensar
-

-


-



-
-






      

-
mento intencional.
404
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
-
 


-

-
tínios do sistema 2.
    
-

  

atingi-la, apenas não podemos ingenuamente considerar que esta condi-
-

   

   

inputs já assimilados



-

-




           
         
(cognitive-experiential self-theory


9
enquanto em segunda ins-

     
-
-
-

 

 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
405
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.


-
-





 

-

-
co de Freud (1900/1953).
10

-








-

   




-


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
 -




         -
10 

406
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
  


-



versusRational Experintial Inven-
tory

-
-


 
        




-




o superego existia antes da decisão, bem como permanecerá existindo


11





        
-




Iowa Gambling Task-

11      -

-
esses atuais.
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
407
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.


-


12
Para chegar a esta conclusão, os autores partiram da premissa de que
        -


-

deste momento em diante, elas passam a se expressar quando os sujeitos


13
correlacionadas a maus desempe-


etapa no processo de entendimento dos processos decisionais não racio-


-






12 
-

-



-





13 -



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 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s

-


-









estatísticas consistentes para a probabilidade de um sujeito experimentar



-

-




-
-








-





longa trilha a se distender desde o utilitarismo algorítmico da primeira
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
409
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.
-
-
-
work in progress”
-


-
tas um output-
-
-

fuzzy) aos representantes de um esque-
ma decisional.
     

-

-
-
-


     
         -


amodal”, mas dependente da corporeidade.
-
if  as if)
potencial para que surjam modelos estatísticos que associem respostas


-
-

ad hoc (em par-

-
 
as if

410
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
Reason and unreason in decision making
Abstract: 





           


Keywords: 
Raison et déraison dans les prises de décision
Résumé: 
       
          




              
     

Mots clés: 
Razón y desrazón en las tomas de decisión
Resumen: Tal como se presenta en la actualidad, el campo de



          


          
           

a posicionarse de manera crítica, respecto del mismo.
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
411
P
s i c o l o g i a
USP,
São Paulo, abril/junho, 2010, 21(2), 391-416.
Palabras clave:
Referências
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Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 30-40.
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
Neuropsychologia, 40
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Games and Economic Behavior, 52(2), 336-372.
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
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The computer and the mind
 

         
economics. The American Economic Review, 93(5), 1449-1475.
        The American
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Psychological
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
Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291.

Biometrika, 48
414
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s
           

The American Naturalist, 160
Uncertainty and prot
 Annual Review of
Sociology, 24

      
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Journal of the History of Ideas, 25(2), 295-302.
 Handbook of complementary and
alternative therapies in mental health
Articial
Intelligence, 170(6-7), 620-642.

          
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
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             
Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
9(4), 162-164.
Microeconomic theory

Phenomenology of perception


The Annals of Mathematics, 54
           The
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
        
NeuroImage, 11(5, Suppl. 1), S234-S234.


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           The adaptive decision maker.

Leonardo, 10(2), 119-125.

and holistic intuition. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5), 1247-1257.
The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 117
Prisoner’s dilemma

            
        
Nonprot and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(1), 140-155.
           The
Journal of Communication, 43
Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 11-29.
International
Congress Series, 1291, 3-13.

Theoretical Computer Science, 349
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101
            

Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 415-429.
416
 Ál v a r o Ma c h a d o di a s



The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, 112(2), 647-661.

European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(2), 269-273.


Brain and Cognition, 57(3), 244-247.
          
biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131.

choice. Science, 211
          
Judgment under uncertainty:
Heuristics and biases
The
Journal of Business, 59(s4), S251.
            
dependent model. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1039-1061.
The
American Economic Review, 80(1), 204-217.
Theory of games and economic behavior.


Journal of Marketing Research, 35

planning aerial application operations. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,
4(1), 13-22.
Álvaro Machado Dias,       


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Chapter
One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.
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