Article

Optimized straight forward procedure for covalent surface immobilization of different biomolecules for single molecule applications.

Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces (impact factor: 2.6). 03/2009; 71(2):200-7. DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.02.011 pp.200-7
Source: PubMed

ABSTRACT Covalent chemisorption of biomolecules to surfaces with high density and low unspecific background is prerequisite for most optical and mechanical single molecule experiments and accordingly, many recipes have been developed. However, new establishment of the surface functionalization process in the lab usually is still difficult and time consuming due to the complex procedures containing many pitfalls. Therefore, based on the known recipes, we developed and optimized a simple straight forward protocol. We demonstrated it resulting in a high density of the coupled biomolecules, homogeneous surfaces and a low unspecific background when binding nucleic acids, peptides and proteins. The protocol was optimized for borosilicate cover glasses and silicon nitride atomic force microscope cantilevers commonly used in single molecule experiments and takes advantage of commonly used chemicals. It consists of only four steps, silanol group generation, amination, grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) to the surface and biomolecule coupling. All individual steps were optimized comparing different variations partially described in the literature. Finally, a detailed description is provided which allows avoiding most sources of contamination, often being a main hurdle on the way to single molecule experiments.

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    Article: Detection of prion protein particles in blood plasma of scrapie infected sheep.
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    ABSTRACT: Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. The agent of the disease is the prion consisting mainly, if not solely, of a misfolded and aggregated isoform of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP). Transmission of prions can occur naturally but also accidentally, e.g. by blood transfusion, which has raised serious concerns about blood product safety and emphasized the need for a reliable diagnostic test. In this report we present a method based on surface-FIDA (fluorescence intensity distribution analysis), that exploits the high state of molecular aggregation of PrP as an unequivocal diagnostic marker of the disease, and show that it can detect infection in blood. To prepare PrP aggregates from blood plasma we introduced a detergent and lipase treatment to separate PrP from blood lipophilic components. Prion protein aggregates were subsequently precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, immobilized on a glass surface by covalently bound capture antibodies, and finally labeled with fluorescent antibody probes. Individual PrP aggregates were visualized by laser scanning microscopy where signal intensity was proportional to aggregate size. After signal processing to remove the background from low fluorescence particles, fluorescence intensities of all remaining PrP particles were summed. We detected PrP aggregates in plasma samples from six out of ten scrapie-positive sheep with no false positives from uninfected sheep. Applying simultaneous intensity and size discrimination, ten out of ten samples from scrapie sheep could be differentiated from uninfected sheep. The implications for ante mortem diagnosis of prion diseases are discussed.
    PLoS ONE 01/2012; 7(5):e36620. · 4.09 Impact Factor

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Keywords

binding nucleic acids
 
biomolecule coupling
 
biomolecules
 
complex procedures
 
coupled biomolecules
 
detailed description
 
different variations
 
four steps
 
glasses
 
homogeneous surfaces
 
known recipes
 
low unspecific background
 
main hurdle
 
mechanical single molecule experiments
 
new establishment
 
recipes
 
silanol group generation
 
silicon nitride atomic force microscope cantilevers
 
simple
 
single molecule experiments