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Evaluation of Urban Bi-Fuel Vehicle Exhaust Emission During On-Road Test Facilities
Abstract
Vehicle emissions constitute the main source of atmospheric pollution in modern cities. The increasing number of passenger cars, especially during the last decade, resulted in composite traffic problems with serious consequences on emissions and fuel consumption. However, the present work aims to clear the effect of different operating parameters of the vehicle on their emission characteristics. The on-road emission test procedure was carried out on a newly registered gasoline/CNG bi-fuel vehicle in Egypt market (Hyundai-star) and is now assessed from the European standard driving cycle. The European driving cycle shows the characteristics of vehicles operating conditions for various speeds and acceleration ranges, but does not represent realistic speed-time history of a vehicle in actual traffic. As the driving conditions are different, the assessment results using this driving cycle may not produce realistic amounts of emissions and fuel consumption of the cars under. Emission tests were carried out for urban cycle. Two different fuel injection systems (i.e., Multi-point MPI-sequential and Closed-loop venturi-continuous) are used The vehicle is equipped with infrared gas analyzer and magnetic pickup transducer to measure the concentration of exhaust constituents and engine rotational speed respectively. The measurements were conducted at different vehicle speed. The results indicate that most of the carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and unburned total hydrocarbons (THC) emission appears at higher load as well as near the idling speed.
... A new approach to burning methanol in engine is proposed and investigated, in which the engine burns DME and methanol dual fuels in HCCI mode, and DME is converted from methanol. HCCI operation can be obtained over a fairly wide speed and load range, and ultra-low NO x emissions and high indicated thermal efficiency can be achieved for burning methanol (Metwalley et al. 2012). Two different fuel injection systems are used. ...
Alcohols have been used as a fuel for engines since 19th century. Among the various alcohols, ethanol is known as the most suited renewable, bio-based and ecofriendly fuel for spark-ignition (SI) engines. In addition, ethanol has higher evaporation heat, octane number, and flammability temperature therefore it has positive influence on engine performance and reduces exhaust emissions. In this study, engine performance and emission levels of unleaded gasoline and unleaded gasoline-fusel oil blends in a spark ignition engine, under variable ignition timings are investigated. Engine torque increased and brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) decreased with the ignition timings. For F0 and F10 blends, hydrocarbon emissions changed by 22% on average and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions changed by 9.2%. It was also observed that nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were reduced.
... With the help of emission standards, different exhaust reduction systems have been assembled into the internal combustion engines. On the other hand, engine manufacturers and researchers have tried to reduce the exhaust emissions using different combustion modes and alternative fuels such as ethanol, methanol, LPG and CNG (Kuo, 1996;Gu et al., 2012;Cooney et al., 2009;Alkidas, 2007;Yeliana et al., 2011;Han et al., 2012;Sameh et al., 2012). One way to improve thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines is to increase compression ratio. ...
EGR is one of the most significant strategies for reducing especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from internal combustion engines. The thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines is lower than compression ignition engines. Because there is a knocking tendency when the compression ratio is increased in spark ignition engines. EGR can be used in order to avoid knocking phenomena and reduce NOx emissions. In-cylinder temperature at the end of combustion is decreased and heat capacity of fresh charge is increased when EGR applied. Besides EGR, spark timing is another significant parameter for reducing exhaust emissions such nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC). In this study the effects of EGR and spark timing on spark ignition engine were investigated numerically. KIVA codes were used in order to model combustion process. The combustion process has been modeled using KIVA codes in a single cylinder, four stroke and direct injection spark ignition engine. The results showed that in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate decrease as EGR ratio increase. In-cylinder pressure increases with the advancing of spark timing. Advancing spark timing increases the heat release rate and in-cylinder temperature. The simulation results also showed that EGR reduced exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions.
Oily particles pollution poses a tremendous threat to people's health, so it is urgent to develop air filtration materials with the ability of removing fine oily particles effectively. In this study, a nylon 6 multi-stage structured nanofiber membrane (PA6 MSNM) for effective air filtration of fine oily particles was designed and fabricated by adding a certain amount of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHP) via one-step electrospinning. The PA6 MSNMs were composed of coarse trunk fibers and fine branching fibers. Benefiting from the properties of small pore size and high porosity, the resulting PA6 MSNMs exhibited high average filtration efficiency of 99.80% for oily aerosol particles of 0.20 to 4.59 μm, a low pressure drop of 251 Pa, and the high quality factor of 0.0248 Pa-1. More importantly, its filtration efficiencies for oily aerosol particles of 0.25 μm and 0.30 μm were up to 99.99% and 100.00%, respectively. It is expected that the multi-stage electrospun nanofiber membranes would have wide application prospects in air filtration, particularly for filtering oily particles.
Among all alternative fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG) has been considered as one the best solutions for fossil fuel substitution because of its availability throughout the world, inherent clean burning, economical as a fuel and adaptability to the gasoline and diesel engines.
This bibliography reviews the potential of CNG as a transportation fuel. The added bibliography at the end of this article contains 1102 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations on the subject that were published between 1991 and 2016. These references have been retrieved from 137 scientific journals. The references are classified in the following categories: Regional Experience with CNG Vehicles; Economic Aspect of CNG Vehicles; CNG Engine's Design, Control and Performance; Combustion and Fuel Injection Characteristics of CNG Engines; CNG/ Diesel Dual Fuel Operations; Hydrogen Enriched CNG Vehicles; Environmental Aspect of CNG Vehicles; Safety Aspect of CNG Vehicles.
Among all alternative fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG) has been considered as one the best solutions for fossil fuel substitution because of its availability throughout the world, inherent clean burning, economical as a fuel and adaptability to the gasoline and diesel engines. This bibliography reviews the potential of CNG as a transportation fuel. The added bibliography at the end of this article contains 1102 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations on the subject that were published between 1991 and 2016. These references have been retrieved from 137 scientific journals. The references are classified in the following categories: Regional Experience with CNG Vehicles; Economic Aspect of CNG Vehicles; CNG Engine's Design, Control and Performance; Combustion and Fuel Injection Characteristics of CNG Engines; CNG/ Diesel Dual Fuel Operations; Hydrogen Enriched CNG Vehicles; Environmental Aspect of CNG Vehicles; Safety Aspect of CNG Vehicles.
This paper presents an experimental result of engine performance and exhaust gases
concentration at various ignition and injection timing for high compression engine fuelled with compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. The engine implements central direct injection (DI) method. All injectors are positioned within a certain degrees of spark plug. It is called as CNGDI engine. The objective of this experiment is to study the influence of injection and ignition towards brake torque, brake power and emission at maximum brake torque (MBT) interval. The experimental tests were carried out using computer-controlled eddy-current dynamometer which measures the CNGDI engine performance. The Horiba analyzer uses infra-red for CO, CO2, HC and flame ionization for THC for
emission measurement. A closed loop wide band lambda sensor has been mounted at the exhaust manifold to indicate the oxygen level during the exercise. The emission concentration level was recorded with respects to engine speed, ignition timing and injection timing. Indicated power and torque of CNGDI engine were also monitored during the course.
The groundbreaking Encyclopedia of Ecology provides an authoritative and comprehensive coverage of the complete field of ecology, from general to applied. It includes over 500 detailed entries, structured to provide the user with complete coverage of the core knowledge, accessed as intuitively as possible, and heavily cross-referenced. Written by an international team of leading experts, this revolutionary encyclopedia will serve as a one-stop-shop to concise, stand-alone articles to be used as a point of entry for undergraduate students, or as a tool for active researchers looking for the latest information in the field.
The paper presents the results of the development of a standard driving cycle in the urban areas of Hong Kong. On-road speed–time data were collected by an instrumented diesel vehicle along two fixed routes located in two urban districts in Hong Kong. The collected data were analyzed and compared with mandatory driving cycles used elsewhere. It was found that none of these mandatory cycles could satisfactorily describe the driving characteristics in Hong Kong. A unique driving cycle was therefore developed for Hong Kong. The cycle was built up by extracting parts of the on-road speed data such that the summary statistics of the sample are close to that derived from the data population of the test runs.
Attempts to improve engine performance are often accompanied by increased emissions. An effective approach to reduce emissions without necessarily a significant penalty in fuel economy is through operating S.I. engines on a range of gaseous fuels, and either leaning the operating mixture or diluting it with some exhaust gases.The emission characteristics of an engine operated in turn on CH4, H2, CO and some of their mixtures are examined experimentally. The role of changes in some key factors affecting the production of the pollutants CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons were investigated. Guidelines for reducing the undesirable emissions are outlined.
A technical framework for life cycle assessment
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Dowie, T., and P. Kelly. 1994. Estimation of disassembly times. Tech. Rep. DDR/TR15, Design for Environment Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. Dowie, T., and M. Simon. 1998. Guidelines for designing for disassembly and recycling. Tech. Rep. DDR/TR18, Design for Environment Research Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.
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