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Rapid expansion of the New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) in the Azov-Black Sea Region
Journal Article: Aquatic Invasions 10/2008; 3:335-340.
Abstract
This is a brief review of present invasion history of the New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) within the Azov-
Black Sea Region. The most recent locations of P. antipodarum expansion within the Azov-Black Sea Region (lower parts of the
Danube, Dniester, and Don basins, small steppe rivers and streams) are described
Black Sea Region. The most recent locations of P. antipodarum expansion within the Azov-Black Sea Region (lower parts of the
Danube, Dniester, and Don basins, small steppe rivers and streams) are described
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Aquatic Invasions (2008) Volume 3, Issue 3: 335-340
doi: 10.3391/ai.2008.3.3.9
© 2008 by the author(s); licensee REABIC.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Special issue “Invasive Aquatic Molluscs – ICAIS 2007 Conference Papers and Additional Records”
Frances E. Lucy and Thaddeus K. Graczyk (Guest Editors)
335
Short communication
Rapid expansion of the New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray,
1843) in the Azov-Black Sea Region
Mikhail O. Son
Odessa Branch Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
E-mail: michail.son@gmail.com
Received 18 July 2008; accepted in revised form 12 August 2008; published online 5 October 2008
Abstract
This is a brief review of present invasion history of the New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) within the Azov-
Black Sea Region. The most recent locations of P. antipodarum expansion within the Azov-Black Sea Region (lower parts of the
Danube, Dniester, and Don basins, small steppe rivers and streams) are described.
Key words: alien species, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, molluscs, Azov-Black Sea Region
Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) was
introduced into Europe from New Zealand at the
end of the 19th century. It is the most wide-
spread non-indigenous mollusc in the world; its
invasive range includes many countries of
Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia: in
Europe, only Iceland and some eastern countries
(Albania, Bulgaria, and former Yugoslavia) have
escaped invasion (Ponder 1988; Cianfanelli et al.
2007; Levri et al. 2007).
The first Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the
Azov-Black Sea Region was found in 1951,
simultaneously in two estuarian systems: Razim
Lagoon (Grossu 1951) and the Dnieper-Bug
Liman (Markovskij 1954). Later, in the twentieth
century it was found in some marine and meso-
haline localities: the Bug and Berezan estuaries,
lagoonal Budakskij Liman (Anistratenko 1998;
Chukhchin 1984); however, there was no rapid
spread or formation of large colonies until
recently. Currently, it is expanding extremely
rapidly in both fresh and oligohaline waters.
Between 2003 and 2007, P. antipodarum was
found in many new sites along the coastal line of
the Black Sea and Sea of Azov.
Molecular genetic studies on Potamopyrgus
from some Western European habitats, demon-
strated the existence of two strains, both geneti-
cally and morphologically different to each other
(Jacobsen and Forbes 1997; Städler et al. 2005).
They are assumed to have invaded from isolated
habitats on the North Island of New Zealand at
doi: 10.3391/ai.2008.3.3.9
© 2008 by the author(s); licensee REABIC.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Special issue “Invasive Aquatic Molluscs – ICAIS 2007 Conference Papers and Additional Records”
Frances E. Lucy and Thaddeus K. Graczyk (Guest Editors)
335
Short communication
Rapid expansion of the New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray,
1843) in the Azov-Black Sea Region
Mikhail O. Son
Odessa Branch Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
E-mail: michail.son@gmail.com
Received 18 July 2008; accepted in revised form 12 August 2008; published online 5 October 2008
Abstract
This is a brief review of present invasion history of the New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) within the Azov-
Black Sea Region. The most recent locations of P. antipodarum expansion within the Azov-Black Sea Region (lower parts of the
Danube, Dniester, and Don basins, small steppe rivers and streams) are described.
Key words: alien species, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, molluscs, Azov-Black Sea Region
Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) was
introduced into Europe from New Zealand at the
end of the 19th century. It is the most wide-
spread non-indigenous mollusc in the world; its
invasive range includes many countries of
Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia: in
Europe, only Iceland and some eastern countries
(Albania, Bulgaria, and former Yugoslavia) have
escaped invasion (Ponder 1988; Cianfanelli et al.
2007; Levri et al. 2007).
The first Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the
Azov-Black Sea Region was found in 1951,
simultaneously in two estuarian systems: Razim
Lagoon (Grossu 1951) and the Dnieper-Bug
Liman (Markovskij 1954). Later, in the twentieth
century it was found in some marine and meso-
haline localities: the Bug and Berezan estuaries,
lagoonal Budakskij Liman (Anistratenko 1998;
Chukhchin 1984); however, there was no rapid
spread or formation of large colonies until
recently. Currently, it is expanding extremely
rapidly in both fresh and oligohaline waters.
Between 2003 and 2007, P. antipodarum was
found in many new sites along the coastal line of
the Black Sea and Sea of Azov.
Molecular genetic studies on Potamopyrgus
from some Western European habitats, demon-
strated the existence of two strains, both geneti-
cally and morphologically different to each other
(Jacobsen and Forbes 1997; Städler et al. 2005).
They are assumed to have invaded from isolated
habitats on the North Island of New Zealand at
Page 2
M. O. Son, Potamopyrgus an t ipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region
336
different periods of time. We reported two
distinct lines of Potamopyrgus (Figure 1) from
the Azov-Black Sea Region (Son 2007a; Son et
al. 2008).
A revision of the genus Potamopyrgus
(Stimpson, 1865) in the native range resulted in
the description of four new species out of a total
of eight and showed otherwise cryptic species of
Potamopyrgus, which occur in rivers, lakes and
estuaries (Haase 2008).
As conformity between New Zealand Potamo-
pyrgus spp. and European clones descripted as P.
jenkinsi (Smith, 1889), P. alexenkoae (Anistra-
tenko in Anistratenko and Stadnichenko 1995),
and P. polistchuki (Anistratenko 1991) is not yet
established, we use P. antipodarum as the
temporary name.
Figure 1. Two distinct lines of Potamopyrgus from the
Azov-Black Sea Region, scale bar = 1 mm (Photo: MO Son)
This paper is based on material collected by
the author. Original material is deposited in the
mollusk collection of the Odessa Branch Institute
of Biology of the Southern Seas (OB IBSS). All
collected material was fixed in 70% ethanol.
River basins of the Azov and Black sea coasts
were investigated annually from 1999 to 2008.
Molluscs were sampled using a net or quadrat
frame (25x25 cm) on sand and mud and by hand
from hard substrates.
From 2003 to 2008, P. antipodarum were
found in new sites within the Azov-Black Sea
Region (Table 1).
Studies on biotopical distribution of P.
antipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region
demonstrate that this species prefers ecotones or
human-made habitats with low native species
richness, where it occurs in high abundance.
Records of P. antipodarum in non-disturbed
streams demonstrate difference in a number of
the species in streams and in reservoirs and river
channel itself near the mouth of these streams.
So, the numbers in the channels of the Don River
and Dniester Estuary are lower than those in the
streams running into them. Only in the Fontanka
River was the species found in high abundance
in the main channel. In other non-disturbed
habitats, where P. antipodarum was found, it
was present in low abundance with the exception
of the Stentsovsko-Zhebriyanski Plavni wetland,
where a number of the snails were observed in
marshes and spring pools alternately connected
with the sea and with the floodplain (Son
2007b).
Table 1. New records of the of the New Zealand mud snail
Potamopyrgus antipodarum within Azov-Black Sea Region
Year Place of record Region
2003
Stentsovsko-Zhebriyanski
Plavni wetland of the Danube
Delta and Yalpug Lake
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
2004
Upper part of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
2005
Streams flowing into the
Dniester estuary and the shoal
of the Dniester estuary, near
the mouths of these streams
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
2006
Dalnik River and Akkarzha
Stream (basin of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman)
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
Spring stream flowing into
the Don River and the shoal
in the Don itself near the
mouth of this stream, stream
in the Botanic Garden of
Southern Federal University
(Rostov-on-Don)
Rostov Region
(Russia)
Stream flowing into the Sosyk
River (basin of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman);
steppe stream
Nikolaev
Region
(Ukraine)
2007
Kuchurgan Reservoir
(estuarian lake near the
Dniester Delta used as
reservoir-cooler of the
Kuchurgan Hydroelectric
Power Station)
State border
between
Odessa Region
(Ukraine) and
Republic of
Moldova (area
of unreco-
gnised Pridne-
strovian
Moldavian
Republic)
2008
Baraboj River; small river
entering Budakskij Liman,
Fontanka River (Sasyk Lake
Basin), drainage system of the
Odessa City
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
336
different periods of time. We reported two
distinct lines of Potamopyrgus (Figure 1) from
the Azov-Black Sea Region (Son 2007a; Son et
al. 2008).
A revision of the genus Potamopyrgus
(Stimpson, 1865) in the native range resulted in
the description of four new species out of a total
of eight and showed otherwise cryptic species of
Potamopyrgus, which occur in rivers, lakes and
estuaries (Haase 2008).
As conformity between New Zealand Potamo-
pyrgus spp. and European clones descripted as P.
jenkinsi (Smith, 1889), P. alexenkoae (Anistra-
tenko in Anistratenko and Stadnichenko 1995),
and P. polistchuki (Anistratenko 1991) is not yet
established, we use P. antipodarum as the
temporary name.
Figure 1. Two distinct lines of Potamopyrgus from the
Azov-Black Sea Region, scale bar = 1 mm (Photo: MO Son)
This paper is based on material collected by
the author. Original material is deposited in the
mollusk collection of the Odessa Branch Institute
of Biology of the Southern Seas (OB IBSS). All
collected material was fixed in 70% ethanol.
River basins of the Azov and Black sea coasts
were investigated annually from 1999 to 2008.
Molluscs were sampled using a net or quadrat
frame (25x25 cm) on sand and mud and by hand
from hard substrates.
From 2003 to 2008, P. antipodarum were
found in new sites within the Azov-Black Sea
Region (Table 1).
Studies on biotopical distribution of P.
antipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region
demonstrate that this species prefers ecotones or
human-made habitats with low native species
richness, where it occurs in high abundance.
Records of P. antipodarum in non-disturbed
streams demonstrate difference in a number of
the species in streams and in reservoirs and river
channel itself near the mouth of these streams.
So, the numbers in the channels of the Don River
and Dniester Estuary are lower than those in the
streams running into them. Only in the Fontanka
River was the species found in high abundance
in the main channel. In other non-disturbed
habitats, where P. antipodarum was found, it
was present in low abundance with the exception
of the Stentsovsko-Zhebriyanski Plavni wetland,
where a number of the snails were observed in
marshes and spring pools alternately connected
with the sea and with the floodplain (Son
2007b).
Table 1. New records of the of the New Zealand mud snail
Potamopyrgus antipodarum within Azov-Black Sea Region
Year Place of record Region
2003
Stentsovsko-Zhebriyanski
Plavni wetland of the Danube
Delta and Yalpug Lake
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
2004
Upper part of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
2005
Streams flowing into the
Dniester estuary and the shoal
of the Dniester estuary, near
the mouths of these streams
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
2006
Dalnik River and Akkarzha
Stream (basin of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman)
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
Spring stream flowing into
the Don River and the shoal
in the Don itself near the
mouth of this stream, stream
in the Botanic Garden of
Southern Federal University
(Rostov-on-Don)
Rostov Region
(Russia)
Stream flowing into the Sosyk
River (basin of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman);
steppe stream
Nikolaev
Region
(Ukraine)
2007
Kuchurgan Reservoir
(estuarian lake near the
Dniester Delta used as
reservoir-cooler of the
Kuchurgan Hydroelectric
Power Station)
State border
between
Odessa Region
(Ukraine) and
Republic of
Moldova (area
of unreco-
gnised Pridne-
strovian
Moldavian
Republic)
2008
Baraboj River; small river
entering Budakskij Liman,
Fontanka River (Sasyk Lake
Basin), drainage system of the
Odessa City
Odessa Region
(Ukraine)
Page 3
M. O. Son, Potamopyrgus an t ipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region
337
In all basins of steep rivers, prone to drought,
P. antipodarum was found in common man-made
habitats in which there is an acceleration of
current: aqueducts, artificial rapids, support of
bridges, etc. These rheophilic biotopes in small
stream were also noted as refugia for other alien
species (Son 2007c; Son 2007a), but for P.
antipodarum these biotopes are the most
peculiar. As a rule, stream flow is artificially
sped up in these habitats because upstream of the
sampling site, the limnic reservoir, which feeds
water to the stream via pipework or a river
channel is diverted by hydrotechnic construc-
tions (Figure 2). Figure 3 demonstrates various
natural (A, C) and man-made (B, D) habitats
where P. antipodarum occurs in high abundance.
Figure 2. Records of Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region (circles – in the XX and rings – in the XXI
century) and satellite shots of human-made rheophilic biotopes – refugia for species in steep drought rivers: Baraboj River (1);
Sukhoj Liman Basin (2, 3); Sosyk River Basin (4); example of the human-made construction on the Baraboj River (5) (Photo:
M.O. Son).
As the region considered in this study
contains many aquatic habitats isolated from the
sea and large waterways and since it is within a
range of active animal migration, it is likely that
a biotic pathway is involved in the spread of
this species. In Northern Europe, it has been
shown, that birds mostly transport this snail
(Lassen 1978). Significant concurrence of its
spread in the Azov-Black Sea Region with a
corridor of birds’ migrations “Via Pontica”
allows us to assume this pathway is the basic
one operating here again. The transfer of this
parthenogenetic species by birds is usually
successful because only one female is required
to start a population in an isolated water body.
Taking into account the rapid expansion of
the species and its wide ecological tolerance, it
is expected that in the near future it will occupy
the majority of small rivers and streams in the
region. In this regard it is necessary to discuss
the possible ecological consequences of its
invasion.
Effects of P. antipodarum can include
indirect effects on the trophic dynamics of an
ecosystem. In experiments investigating the
relationship between P. antipodarum and
337
In all basins of steep rivers, prone to drought,
P. antipodarum was found in common man-made
habitats in which there is an acceleration of
current: aqueducts, artificial rapids, support of
bridges, etc. These rheophilic biotopes in small
stream were also noted as refugia for other alien
species (Son 2007c; Son 2007a), but for P.
antipodarum these biotopes are the most
peculiar. As a rule, stream flow is artificially
sped up in these habitats because upstream of the
sampling site, the limnic reservoir, which feeds
water to the stream via pipework or a river
channel is diverted by hydrotechnic construc-
tions (Figure 2). Figure 3 demonstrates various
natural (A, C) and man-made (B, D) habitats
where P. antipodarum occurs in high abundance.
Figure 2. Records of Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region (circles – in the XX and rings – in the XXI
century) and satellite shots of human-made rheophilic biotopes – refugia for species in steep drought rivers: Baraboj River (1);
Sukhoj Liman Basin (2, 3); Sosyk River Basin (4); example of the human-made construction on the Baraboj River (5) (Photo:
M.O. Son).
As the region considered in this study
contains many aquatic habitats isolated from the
sea and large waterways and since it is within a
range of active animal migration, it is likely that
a biotic pathway is involved in the spread of
this species. In Northern Europe, it has been
shown, that birds mostly transport this snail
(Lassen 1978). Significant concurrence of its
spread in the Azov-Black Sea Region with a
corridor of birds’ migrations “Via Pontica”
allows us to assume this pathway is the basic
one operating here again. The transfer of this
parthenogenetic species by birds is usually
successful because only one female is required
to start a population in an isolated water body.
Taking into account the rapid expansion of
the species and its wide ecological tolerance, it
is expected that in the near future it will occupy
the majority of small rivers and streams in the
region. In this regard it is necessary to discuss
the possible ecological consequences of its
invasion.
Effects of P. antipodarum can include
indirect effects on the trophic dynamics of an
ecosystem. In experiments investigating the
relationship between P. antipodarum and
Page 4
M. O. Son, Potamopyrgus an t ipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region
338
Figure 3. Various habitats of Potamopyrgus antipodarum (see Annex) (Photo: M.O. Son).
benthic fauna, invader densities were positively
correlated with the total number of native taxa,
as well as with total densities (Schreiber et al.
2002). On the other hand, local aquatic eco-
systems of streams and little rivers usually have
not got native species similar to P.antipodarum,
so that effects caused by consequent changes in
community structure can have unpredictable
ecological consequences. In addition, P. anti-
podarum can play a role in the transmission of
trematode parasites (Morley 2008), which
indicates the necessesity for parasitology
research of this species and further accounts of
its expansion for the purpose of parasitological
monitoring.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Frances Lucy (Institute of
Technology Sligo, Ireland) for English editing
and valuable comments that improved the
manuscript. This work was partly supported by
the European Commission 6th Framework
Program Integrated Project ALARM (contract
GOCE-CT-2003-506675).
References
Anistratenko VV (1998) Handbook for identification of
Pectinibranch gastropods of the Ukrainian fauna Part 1
Marine and brackishwater. Vestnik Zoologii Suppl 8: 3–
65 [in Russian]
Chukhchin VD (1984) Ecology of gastropods of the Black
Sea. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 176 pp. [in Russian]
Cianfanelli S, Lori E and Bodon M (2007) Alien freshwater
molluscs in Italy and their distribution. In: Gherardi F
338
Figure 3. Various habitats of Potamopyrgus antipodarum (see Annex) (Photo: M.O. Son).
benthic fauna, invader densities were positively
correlated with the total number of native taxa,
as well as with total densities (Schreiber et al.
2002). On the other hand, local aquatic eco-
systems of streams and little rivers usually have
not got native species similar to P.antipodarum,
so that effects caused by consequent changes in
community structure can have unpredictable
ecological consequences. In addition, P. anti-
podarum can play a role in the transmission of
trematode parasites (Morley 2008), which
indicates the necessesity for parasitology
research of this species and further accounts of
its expansion for the purpose of parasitological
monitoring.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Frances Lucy (Institute of
Technology Sligo, Ireland) for English editing
and valuable comments that improved the
manuscript. This work was partly supported by
the European Commission 6th Framework
Program Integrated Project ALARM (contract
GOCE-CT-2003-506675).
References
Anistratenko VV (1998) Handbook for identification of
Pectinibranch gastropods of the Ukrainian fauna Part 1
Marine and brackishwater. Vestnik Zoologii Suppl 8: 3–
65 [in Russian]
Chukhchin VD (1984) Ecology of gastropods of the Black
Sea. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 176 pp. [in Russian]
Cianfanelli S, Lori E and Bodon M (2007) Alien freshwater
molluscs in Italy and their distribution. In: Gherardi F
Page 5
M. O. Son, Potamopyrgus an t ipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region
339
(ed) Biological invaders in inland waters: profiles,
distribution, and threats. Springer, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands, pp 103–121
Grossu AV (1951) Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, gastropod nou
pentru apele continentale ale Republicii Populare
Romine. Communculare Academii Republicii Populare
Romîne 1(7): 593–596.
Haase M (2008) The radiation of hydrobiid gastropods in New
Zealand: a revision including the description of new
species based on morphology and mtDNA sequence
information. Systematics and Biodiversity 6(1): 99–159
Jacobsen R and Forbes VE (1997) Clonal variation in life-
history traits and feeding rates in the gastropod,
Potamopyrgus antipodarum: performance across a
salinity gradient. Functional Ecology 11: 260–267
Lassen HH (1978) Potamopyrgus jenkinsi in Jutland.
Distribution, dispersal, and colonization. Fauna og Flora
84: 73–79 [in Danish]
Levri EP, Kelly AA and Love E (2007) The invasive New
Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in Lake
Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 33: 1–6
Markovskij YuM (1954) Invertebrate fauna of the lower
reaches of Ukrainian rivers, its environmental conditions
and possibilities of its use, part 2: The Dnieper–Bug
Estuary. Akad. Nauk USSR, Kiev, 207 pp.
Morley NJ (2008) The role of the invasive snail
Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the transmission of
trematode parasites in Europe and its implications for
ecotoxicological studies. Aquatic Sciences – Research
Across Boundaries 70: 107–114
Ponder WF (1988) Potamopyrgus antipodarum – a molluscan
coloniser of Europe and Australia. Journal of Molluscan
Studies 54: 271–285
Schreiber ESG, Lake PS and Quinn GP (2002) Facilitation of
native stream fauna by an invading species?
Experimental investigations of the interaction of the
snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae) with
native benthic fauna. Biological Invasions 4: 317–325
Son MO (2007a) Invasive molluscs in fresh and brackish
waters of the Northern Black Sea Region. Druk Press,
Odessa, 132 pp. [in Russian]
Son MO (2007b) Invasive mollusks (Mollusca, Bivalvia,
Gastropoda) in the Danube Delta. Vestnik zoologii
41(3): 213-218 [in Russian]
Son MO (2007c) Native range of the zebra mussel and quagga
mussel and new data on their invasions within the Ponto-
Caspian Region. Aquatic Invasions 2(3): 174-184
Son MO, Nabozhenko MV and Shokhin IV (2008) The Don
River Basin is a new stage of expansion of
Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith, 1889) (Gastropoda,
Hydrobioidea) in Europe. Doklady Biological Sciences
419: 129–130
Städler T, Frye M, Neiman M and Lively CM (2005)
Mitochondrial haplotypes and the New Zealand origin of
clonal European Potamopyrgus, an invasive aquatic
snail. Molecular Ecology 14: 2465–2473
339
(ed) Biological invaders in inland waters: profiles,
distribution, and threats. Springer, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands, pp 103–121
Grossu AV (1951) Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, gastropod nou
pentru apele continentale ale Republicii Populare
Romine. Communculare Academii Republicii Populare
Romîne 1(7): 593–596.
Haase M (2008) The radiation of hydrobiid gastropods in New
Zealand: a revision including the description of new
species based on morphology and mtDNA sequence
information. Systematics and Biodiversity 6(1): 99–159
Jacobsen R and Forbes VE (1997) Clonal variation in life-
history traits and feeding rates in the gastropod,
Potamopyrgus antipodarum: performance across a
salinity gradient. Functional Ecology 11: 260–267
Lassen HH (1978) Potamopyrgus jenkinsi in Jutland.
Distribution, dispersal, and colonization. Fauna og Flora
84: 73–79 [in Danish]
Levri EP, Kelly AA and Love E (2007) The invasive New
Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in Lake
Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 33: 1–6
Markovskij YuM (1954) Invertebrate fauna of the lower
reaches of Ukrainian rivers, its environmental conditions
and possibilities of its use, part 2: The Dnieper–Bug
Estuary. Akad. Nauk USSR, Kiev, 207 pp.
Morley NJ (2008) The role of the invasive snail
Potamopyrgus antipodarum in the transmission of
trematode parasites in Europe and its implications for
ecotoxicological studies. Aquatic Sciences – Research
Across Boundaries 70: 107–114
Ponder WF (1988) Potamopyrgus antipodarum – a molluscan
coloniser of Europe and Australia. Journal of Molluscan
Studies 54: 271–285
Schreiber ESG, Lake PS and Quinn GP (2002) Facilitation of
native stream fauna by an invading species?
Experimental investigations of the interaction of the
snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae) with
native benthic fauna. Biological Invasions 4: 317–325
Son MO (2007a) Invasive molluscs in fresh and brackish
waters of the Northern Black Sea Region. Druk Press,
Odessa, 132 pp. [in Russian]
Son MO (2007b) Invasive mollusks (Mollusca, Bivalvia,
Gastropoda) in the Danube Delta. Vestnik zoologii
41(3): 213-218 [in Russian]
Son MO (2007c) Native range of the zebra mussel and quagga
mussel and new data on their invasions within the Ponto-
Caspian Region. Aquatic Invasions 2(3): 174-184
Son MO, Nabozhenko MV and Shokhin IV (2008) The Don
River Basin is a new stage of expansion of
Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith, 1889) (Gastropoda,
Hydrobioidea) in Europe. Doklady Biological Sciences
419: 129–130
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Page 6
M. O. Son, Potamopyrgus an t ipodarum in the Azov-Black Sea Region
340
Annex 1
New records of Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) in the Azov-Black Sea Region.
Record coordinates
Location
Latitude,°N Longitude,°E
Date of record Abundance Collector
Yalpug Lake 45°29'59" 28°39'19" 05.05.2003 5 snails M. O. Son
Kuchurgan Reservoir. Site 1 46°35'27" 29°59'19" 10.05.2007
11 empty shells
was found
M. O. Son
Kuchurgan Reservoir. Site 2 46°39'08" 29°57'33" 17.05.2008
1 living snail and
many empty shells
was found
M. O. Son
Steppe stream in the Nikolaev
Region (including under-
ground site of a channel)
47°11'14" 32°16'41" 08.07.2007 not estimated M. O. Son
Baraboj River 46°17'42" 30°30'09" 22.03.2008 not estimated M. O. Son
Stream flowing into the Sosyk
River
46°49'39" 31°25'27" 14.07.2007
2 living snail and
many empty shells
was found
M. O. Son
Stentsovsko-Zhebriyanski
Plavni wetland of the Danube
Delta
45°30'02" 29°37'24" 29.04.2003 not estimated M. O. Son
Dniester estuary 46°15'34" 30°25'00"
27.10.2005,
26.04.06*,
29.03.07,
16.03.2008
80 ind. m2** M. O. Son
Don River 47°12'22" 39°41'42" 07.06.2007 20 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Stream flowing into the
Dniester estuary (including
underground sites of the
channels) (Figure 3-C)
46°15'34" 30°25'00"
16.04.2005,
27.04.05,
27.10.05,
26.04.06*,
29.03.07,
16.03.2008
6300 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Stream flowing into the Don
River
47°12'23" 39°41'35" 07.06.2007
2000 ind. m2**
(Son et al. 2008)
M. O. Son
Small river entering to
Budakskij Liman
46°03'59" 30°21'21" 06.05.2008 1 snail found M. O. Son
Fontanka River (Sasyk Lake
Basin) (Figure 3-A)
45°49'57" 29°36'55" 06.05.2008 550000 ind. m2** M. O. Son
Upper part of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman
46°23'19" 30°38'31"
31.05.05,
06.07.06,
06.05.08*
not estimated M. O. Son
Dalnik River 46°24'11" 30°35'33"
29.04.06,
08.05.06,
06.05.2008*
278 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 1
(Figure 3-B)
46°20'48" 30°34'51" 03.05.2008 4600 ind. m2** M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 2
(Figure 3-D)
46°20'51" 30°35'43"
03.05.2008,
18.07.2006
not estimated M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 3 46°20'53" 30°35'43" 03.05.2008 40 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 4 46°21'07" 30°35'52" 03.05.2008 not estimated M. O. Son
Drainage canal entering into
the Odessa Buy
46°27'05" 30°46'07" 14.07.2008 114 ind. m2 M. O. Son
* data of estimated sample
** places of a congestion of the species in cases of the mosaic distribution (connected with aggregation of the snails on the
hard substrate)
340
Annex 1
New records of Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) in the Azov-Black Sea Region.
Record coordinates
Location
Latitude,°N Longitude,°E
Date of record Abundance Collector
Yalpug Lake 45°29'59" 28°39'19" 05.05.2003 5 snails M. O. Son
Kuchurgan Reservoir. Site 1 46°35'27" 29°59'19" 10.05.2007
11 empty shells
was found
M. O. Son
Kuchurgan Reservoir. Site 2 46°39'08" 29°57'33" 17.05.2008
1 living snail and
many empty shells
was found
M. O. Son
Steppe stream in the Nikolaev
Region (including under-
ground site of a channel)
47°11'14" 32°16'41" 08.07.2007 not estimated M. O. Son
Baraboj River 46°17'42" 30°30'09" 22.03.2008 not estimated M. O. Son
Stream flowing into the Sosyk
River
46°49'39" 31°25'27" 14.07.2007
2 living snail and
many empty shells
was found
M. O. Son
Stentsovsko-Zhebriyanski
Plavni wetland of the Danube
Delta
45°30'02" 29°37'24" 29.04.2003 not estimated M. O. Son
Dniester estuary 46°15'34" 30°25'00"
27.10.2005,
26.04.06*,
29.03.07,
16.03.2008
80 ind. m2** M. O. Son
Don River 47°12'22" 39°41'42" 07.06.2007 20 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Stream flowing into the
Dniester estuary (including
underground sites of the
channels) (Figure 3-C)
46°15'34" 30°25'00"
16.04.2005,
27.04.05,
27.10.05,
26.04.06*,
29.03.07,
16.03.2008
6300 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Stream flowing into the Don
River
47°12'23" 39°41'35" 07.06.2007
2000 ind. m2**
(Son et al. 2008)
M. O. Son
Small river entering to
Budakskij Liman
46°03'59" 30°21'21" 06.05.2008 1 snail found M. O. Son
Fontanka River (Sasyk Lake
Basin) (Figure 3-A)
45°49'57" 29°36'55" 06.05.2008 550000 ind. m2** M. O. Son
Upper part of estuarian
reservoir Sukhoj Liman
46°23'19" 30°38'31"
31.05.05,
06.07.06,
06.05.08*
not estimated M. O. Son
Dalnik River 46°24'11" 30°35'33"
29.04.06,
08.05.06,
06.05.2008*
278 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 1
(Figure 3-B)
46°20'48" 30°34'51" 03.05.2008 4600 ind. m2** M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 2
(Figure 3-D)
46°20'51" 30°35'43"
03.05.2008,
18.07.2006
not estimated M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 3 46°20'53" 30°35'43" 03.05.2008 40 ind. m2 M. O. Son
Akkarzha Stream. Site 4 46°21'07" 30°35'52" 03.05.2008 not estimated M. O. Son
Drainage canal entering into
the Odessa Buy
46°27'05" 30°46'07" 14.07.2008 114 ind. m2 M. O. Son
* data of estimated sample
** places of a congestion of the species in cases of the mosaic distribution (connected with aggregation of the snails on the
hard substrate)
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