Black string and velocity frame dragging

Abstract

We investigate velocity frame dragging with the boosted Schwarzschild black string solution and the boosted Kaluza-Klein bubble solution, in which a translational symmetry along the boosted $z$-coordinate is implemented. The velocity frame dragging effect can be nullified by the motion of an observer using the boost symmetry along the $z-$coordinate if it is not compact. However, in spacetime with the compact $z-$coordinate, we show that the effect cannot be removed since the compactification breaks the global Lorentz boost symmetry. As a result, the comoving velocity is dependent on $r$ and the momentum parameter along the $z-$coordinate becomes an observer independent characteristic quantity of the black string and bubble solutions. The dragging induces a spherical ergo-region around the black string.

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arXiv:gr-qc/0703091v6 27 Feb 2008
Black string and velocity frame dragging
Jungjai Lee∗
Department of Physics, Daejin University, Pocheon, 487-711, Korea.
Hyeong-Chan Kim†
Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
(Dated: February 27, 2008)
We investigate velocity frame dragging with the boosted Schwarzschild black string
solution and the boosted Kaluza-Klein bubble solution, in which a translational sym-
metry along the boosted z-coordinate is implemented. The velocity frame dragging
effect can be nullified by the motion of an observer using the boost symmetry along
the z−coordinate if it is not compact. However, in spacetime with the compact
z−coordinate, we show that the effect cannot be removed since the compactification
breaks the global Lorentz boost symmetry. As a result, the comoving velocity is
dependent on r and the momentum parameter along the z−coordinate becomes an
observer independent characteristic quantity of the black string and bubble solutions.
The dragging induces a spherical ergo-region around the black string.
PACS numbers: 04.70.-s, 04.50.+h, 04.90.+e, 11.30.Cp
After the discovery of Schwarzschild black hole solution [1] in general relativity, there
has been an enormous increase of interest in black objects such as several kinds of black
hole, black string, and black p−brane. The black holes in (3+1)-dimensional Einstein-
Maxwell theory are classified by a few parameters (so called hairs) such as mass M, angular
momentum J, and charge Q. By the three parameters, the solutions are classified into
four specific families, the Schwarzschild metric [1], the Reissner-Nordstr¨ om metric [2, 3],
the Kerr metric [4], and the Kerr-Neumann metric [5]. In the presence of matters other
than electromagnetic field, several solutions are possible with different hairs, non-abelian
hairs [6, 7, 8, 9, 10], dilatonic hair [11, 12, 13, 14], quantum hair [15, 16], and so forth. In
addition to these, there are another kind of solutions with different asymptotic spacetime
structure such as the BTZ black hole [17, 18].
These parameters plays a role in changing the structure of black objects. The mass
M develops event horizon and the charge Q allows a black object to interact with gauge
field. The angular momentum (J ?= 0) induces a strong frame dragging and develops an
ergo-region around its event horizon. The rotational frame dragging effect was first derived
from the theory of general relativity in 1918 by Lense and Thirring, and is also known as
the Lense-Thirring effect [19, 20, 21]. The rotational frame dragging has been measured in
recent experiments [22, 23, 24, 25, 26], which shows that the general relativity is correct.
At first look, it seems that the momentum parameter P does not play a role in changing
the spacetime structure and can be gauged away by the simple coordinate transform like
∗Electronic address: jjlee@daejin.ac.kr
†Electronic address: hckim@phya.yonsei.ac.kr

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the boost. Contrary to this naive expectation, in this letter, we discuss that the boosted
spacetime with non-zero momentum P is not equivalent to the static one if the boosted coor-
dinate is compact. Let us argue this using the boosted black string [27, 28] with the compact
fifth z−coordinate with z = 0 being identified with z = L. An analogy of twin paradox
helps us understand the situation. Let one of the twin circumnavigate along the compact
z-coordinate with constant velocity and meet the other staying at z = 0. If the relativity of
velocity holds, the twin paradox reemerges since none of the twin experience acceleration.
For this paradox being resolved, the relativity of velocity should be broken for compact co-
ordinate. This manifestly shows that the rigid Lorentz boost along the compact coordinate
is not a symmetry of the spacetime any more. In fact, the rigid Lorentz boost spoils the
space-like feature of the transformed space coordinate. Therefore, the rigid Lorentz boost
along the z−coordinate is excluded in the diffeomorphism group of the compact spacetime
any more.
Actually, the velocity frame dragging effect induced by P is not well known and con-
troversial. If the momentum P do the role in changing the spacetime structure, the ve-
locity frame dragging effect will be observable in gravitating objects, such as black ob-
jects [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35] in string theory and other higher dimensional gravity
theory [36, 37, 38]. If there is a velocity frame dragging in these objects, the momentum
flow (P ?= 0) can induce an ergo-region around its event horizon to alter the spacetime
structure. In particular, the black string with a compact coordinate or the Kaluza-Klein
bubble solution may exhibit this velocity frame dragging effect. This field is not touched
at all so far. In this paper, we investigate the frame dragging effect in these solutions by
comparing it with that in the Kerr black hole. We study how the frame dragging effect
changes when the spacetime has a compact fifth coordinate.
The metric of the Schwarzschild black string solution in (4+1) dimensions is
ds2= −
?
1 −2M
r
?
dt2+ dz2+
1
1 − 2M/rdr2+ r2?dθ2+ sin2θdφ2?. (1)
The Kaluza-Klein bubble solution [39] is given by the double-Wick rotation t → iz and
z → it of Eq. (1):
?
We see that there is a minimal 2-sphere of radius 2M located at r = 2M for this bubble
solution. To avoid a conical singularity at r = 2M we need that z is a periodic coordinate
with period L = 8πM. Clearly, the solution asymptotes to M4× S1for r → ∞.
Let us check the velocity frame dragging effect in these two solutions (1) and (2). Consider
an observer moving with the velocity v = tanhξ with the coordinates transform,
ds2= −dt2+1 −2M
r
?
dz2+
1
1 − 2M/rdr2+ r2?dθ2+ sin2θdφ2?.(2)
?t′0
z′4
?
=
?coshξ− sinhξ
−sinhξ coshξ
??t
z
?
, (3)
with respect to the static metrics (1) and (2). Then, a stationary metric can be obtained to
be
ds2= gµνdxµdxν= −F(r)dt2+ 2X(r)dtdz + H(r)dz2
+
1 − 2M/rdr2+ r2?dθ2+ sin2θdφ2?,
(4)
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where the functions F(r), H(r), and X(r) are,
F(r) = 1 −2M cosh2ξ
r
,H(r) = 1 +2M sinh2ξ
r
X(r) =M sinh2ξ
r
,
for the boosted Schwarzschild solution and
F(r) = 1 +2M sinh2ξ
r
,H(r) = 1 −2M cosh2ξ
r
X(r) = −M sinh2ξ
r
,
for the Kaluza-Klein bubble solution, respectively. The mass, tension, and the momentum
flow along z− coordinate, MADM, τ, and P are
?
τ =
MADM =1 ±cosh2ξ
?
P = ±M sinh2ξ
3
?3M
?3M
4
,(5)
1 ∓cosh2ξ
34
,
4
,
where the upper/down sign in Eq. (5) is for the boosted Schwarzschild/bubble solution. In
the boosted Schwarzschild solution, the velocity frame dragging is induced by the momen-
tum P. However, an observer related with the coordinates transform (3) does not see any
dragging effect and see a static metric. This is one of main difference of the momentum
driven metric from that of the well-known Kerr solution.
Note that the bubble solution with L = 8πM becomes naked (conical) singular at r = 2M
if it is the boosted [27]. Therefore, the boost along the z-coordinate alters the physical
properties of the r = 2M surface. Instead, we could choose the compactification length
Lboost= 8πM coshξ for the boosted bubble solution to avoid the naked singularity. We can
conclude that a given static bubble solution is inequivalent to the boosted bubble solution.
Before we study the black string solution with compact z−coordinate, let us consider the
Kerr blackhole with metric,
ds2= −
?
r2+ a2+2Mrα2
1 −2Mr
ρ2
?
dt2+ρ2
Λ2dr2+ ρ2dθ2
?
(6)
+
?
ρ2
sin2θ sin2θdφ2−4Mrα
ρ2
sin2θdtdφ,
where α = J/M, ρ2= r2+ α2cos2θ, and Λ2= r2− 2Mr + α2. In the non-relativistic limit
where M goes to zero, the Kerr metric becomes the orthogonal metric for oblate spheroidal
coordinate,
ds2= −dt2+
ρ2
r2+ α2dr2+ ρ2dθ2+ (r2+ α2)sin2θdφ2.
We may re-write the Kerr metric (6) in the following form:
ds2= −
?
gtt−g2
tφ
gφφ
?
dt2+ grrdr2+ gθθdθ2+ gφφ
?
dφ +gtφ
gφφdt
?2
.

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This metric is equivalent to a co-rotating reference frame that is rotating with angular speed
Ω = ω(r,θ) that depends on both the radius r and the colatitude θ,
ω(r,θ) = −gtφ
gφφ
=
2Mαr
ρ2(r2+ α2) + 2Mα2rsin2θ.
(7)
Thus, an inertial reference frame is drawn by the rotating central mass, the frame dragging.
An extreme version of frame dragging occurs within the ergosphere of a rotating black
hole. The ergosphere of the Kerr metric is bounded by two surfaces on which it appears
to be (coordinate) singular. The inner surface corresponds to a spherical event horizon at
rH= M +√M2− α2, where the purely radial component grrof the metric goes to infinity.
The outer surface is the stationary limit,
rstationary= M +√M2− α2cos2θ,
which touches the event horizon at the poles of the rotation axis, where the colatitude θ
equals 0 or π.
What is the difference of the frame dragging effect in the present stationary solution (4)
from that in the Kerr blackhole? We have asymptotic observer at r = ∞ in black string
metric in which frame dragging may exist. However, the frame dragging is the same at
all points of the spacetime if it is observed in the coordinates of the asymptotic observer.
Therefore, the dragging effect can be nullified by the motion of the asymptotic observer with
velocity v = tanhξ.
An interesting question is whether we can identify the presence of frame dragging effect
or not, if we are restricted to a circle with fixed radius and polar angle in Kerr spacetime.
To begin with, let us review a well known thought experiment, which defines a locally non-
rotating observer, in the Kerr spacetime (See Exercise 33.3 of Ref. [40]). Place a rigid, circular
mirror (“ring mirror”) at fixed (r,θ) around a black hole. Let observer at (r,θ) with angular
velocity Ω emit a flash of light. Some of the photons will get caught by the mirror and will
skim along its surface, circumnavigating the blackhole in the positive-φ direction. Others
will get caught and will skim along in the negative-φ direction. Then, only the observer
with his angular velocity Ω = ω(r,θ) in Eq. (7) will receive back the photons from both
directions simultaneously. Only the observer regard the +φ and −φ directions as equivalent
in terms of local geometry. Therefore, there is a preferred “locally nonrotating” observer in
this situation. The metric inside the ring with respect to the locally nonrotating observer
takes the form:
ds2
nr= −dt2+ R2dφ2, (8)
where we have ignored the θ, r coordinates and rescaled the time coordinates since the
observer are restricted to the ring. The coefficient R is independent of t and φ. This
metric is flat with respect to the coordinate (t,Rφ). However, there is no Lorentz boost-like
symmetry which mixes t and φ, since there is a preferred observer: the locally nonrotating
observer. Therefore, the observer restricted to the ring can determine he is rotating or not
with respect to the locally nonrotating frame. However, the locally nonrotating observer
cannot determine whether he is rotating or not with respect to an asymptotic infinity without
comparing his coordinates with respect to the asymptotic infinity. Only after he comparing
his coordinates with the asymptotic one, he can determine he is rotating or not.
It is interesting to ask what takes away the apparent boost-like symmetry along φ in the
metric (8). At first glance, one of the two is responsible for the breaking of the symmetry, the

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work done by the mirror on the light and the compactness of the angle φ. To examine these
possibilities, we consider three limiting thought experiments. First, we take the vacuum
(M = J = 0) limit of the blackhole. In this case, we have ω(r,θ) = 0 and therefore,
the locally nonrotating frame selects the static frame. The light bounces by the mirror to
circulate the ring. However, it should be noted that the force given by the mirror to the
light is orthogonal to the velocity of the light so that it does not affect to the angular motion
of light. Second, we consider the r → ∞ limit. In this case, the experiment cannot select
any observer since no light can circumnavigate to return to the observer within finite time.
Therefore, there disappears the preferred locally nonrotating observer and the boost-like
symmetry along φ will be restored. Finally, let r be placed at the last unstable circular orbit
of photon (the photon sphere). In this case, we do not need the mirror which restricts the
path of the light. The observer may simply send light for both side of the φ directions and
then waits until the light to arrive him after a full circulation of the geodesic path. There
are no artificial work done by the mirror on the light, however, the light select the locally
nonrotating observer. This observation indicates that the breaking of the Lorentz boost-like
symmetry is not due to the work given by the mirror. Since in this case, the light simply
follows the geodesics, we may accept the metric (8) as a 2−dimensional spacetime metric
with symmetry φ = φ + 2π without the r and θ coordinates. In conclusion, the breaking
of the boost-like symmetry is solely due to the compactness of the φ coordinate, not due to
the work given by the mirror.
Similarly, the boosted black string solution with the compact z-coordinate is independent
of the static one. Now consider spacetime given by the metric (4) with the compact z-
coordinate with period L. We examine the frame dragging effect by analyzing the metric
from the point of view of moving observer along the z−direction with velocity q at r → ∞.
The metric seen by the moving observer can be obtained by using the remaining translational
symmetry[42]:
z′= γ(z + qt),t′= γ−1t, (9)
where γ =
1
√
1−q2. The metric (4), from the point of view of moving observer with velocity
q at r → ∞, becomes
ds2= −γ2?F + 2qX − q2H?dt′2+ 2(X − qH)dz′dt′+ γ−2Hdz′2.
The metric component gtz′ is
(10)
gt′z′ =





−q +M sinh2ξ(1 − q tanhξ)
−q −M sinh2ξ(−q + tanhξ)
r
, Schwarzschild ,
r
, Kaluza-Klein bubble,
whose asymptotic value is −q. As a result, the metric (10) with compact z−coordinate
is described by 3−parameters (M,ξ;q), where the set (M,ξ) denotes observer independent
geometric properties and q, the velocity of the observer.
The comoving velocity along z-coordinate at r is
v(r) = −gt′z′
gz′z′= γ2
?
q −X
H
?
, (11)