Article
Incidence of HIV among injection drug users entering drug treatment programs in four US cities.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
Journal of Urban Health (impact factor:
2.13).
03/2001;
78(1):152-61.
DOI:10.1093/jurban/78.1.152
pp.152-61
Source: PubMed
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Article: Temporal trends of incident human immunodeficiency virus infection in a cohort of injecting drug users in Baltimore, Md.
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ABSTRACT: To measure the temporal trends in the incidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus in a cohort of injecting drug users in Baltimore, Md, between 1988 and 1992. Study subjects were screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed with Western blot. They were followed up at 6-month intervals with repeated serologic screening and comprehensive interviews for human immunodeficiency virus risk factors. Special study clinic. A cohort of 2960 participants were recruited and screened between February 1988 and March 1989. Recruitment criteria included an age of 18 years or older, a history of illicit drug injection since 1978, and the absence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; subjects were subsequently tested for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. Most subjects (85%) were not receiving methadone treatment at baseline and were recruited by word of mouth. Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion. Of the 2247 seronegative participants at baseline, 1532 were followed up, and 188 (12.3%) had seroconverted by December 1992. The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection over time among users declined somewhat, especially among women; the overall incidence was 1.90 per 100 person-semesters, or 3.80% annually. The incidence, adjusted for gender, was higher in younger (< 35 years) than older (> or = 35 years) subjects (relative incidence, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 2.38) and in women compared with men, adjusted for age (relative incidence, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.80). The relative incidence among active compared with inactive drug users adjusted for age and gender was 1.58 (95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.35). Although the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in this cohort of injecting drug users in Baltimore declined somewhat during the 4 years of follow-up, especially among women, the persistent annual incidence of nearly 4% during 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 years of observation suggests the need for additional strategies for prevention of infection, especially among those who continue injecting drugs. Newer methods of prevention, such as provision of sterile injection equipment, an effective human immunodeficiency virus vaccine, and wider availability of effective treatment or prevention of drug addiction, are urgently needed in these high-risk populations.Archives of Internal Medicine 07/1995; 155(12):1305-11. · 11.46 Impact Factor -
Article: Mortality of iron foundry workers. II. Analysis by work area.
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ABSTRACT: Plantwide analyses of the mortality experience of 8147 foundrymen revealed excesses for several diseases including lung cancer. Using indirect measures of smoking, it appeared that most, if not all, of the excess of lung cancer deaths could be explained by smoking habits. To explore further the possible association between these mortality excesses and foundry exposures, jobs were grouped into six work areas on the basis of similarities in production processes. The findings of analyses by work areas support the inferences from plantwide observations. No evidence was found of a relationship between lung cancer and foundry exposures. The pattern of mortality from emphysema and cerebrovascular disease in the different work areas paralleled that of lung cancer, suggesting that mortality from these diseases may have been influenced by a common etiologic agent, probably tobacco smoke. The data also reveal possible associations between metal pattern-making and colon cancer, silica or metal dust and stomach cancer, and carbon monoxide and ischemic heart disease.Journal of occupational medicine.: official publication of the Industrial Medical Association 05/1992; 34(4):391-401.
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Keywords
12 drug treatment programs
confidential HIV tests
drug use
HIV counseling
HIV seroincidence rates
HIV test results
HIV/AIDS
human immunodeficiency virus
incidence rates
injection drug users
Los Angeles
Needle sharing
New Jersey
Record-based incidence studies
risk behaviors
seroincidence
standardized questionnaire
three-fold higher
voluntary HIV testing
younger ID
