Prabhakar Krishnamurthy

Publications

• Mirakle Couriers: The Business of Silence and Signs

  Ms. Latha Suresh, Dr. K. Prabhakar, Prof. K. Sadasivan

  Society of Entrepreneurship Educators; 03/2012

  Mirakle Courier is a business proposition with a difference. It is not a charity but a social business, where the social element is embedded in the commercial operations. Dhruv Lakra being a Skoll Scholar from SAID School of Business of Oxford University learnt about the need for employment for deaf... [more] Mirakle Courier is a business proposition with a difference. It is not a charity but a social business, where the social element is embedded in the commercial operations. Dhruv Lakra being a Skoll Scholar from SAID School of Business of Oxford University learnt about the need for employment for deaf while travelling in a bus serendipitously . It is estimated that six percent of the population of India is deaf and sixty six percent of them are unemployed. Hearing impaired was the most ignored of all disabilities as the disabled person appears normal. Dhruv Lakra left his job as an investment banker in Mumbai and equipped himself to be a social entrepreneur. After examination of different business propositions he finally selected a courier business that is manpower intensive and volume driven and started with £200. In the present case he explores with the authors of the case definition of social entrepreneurship and the difference between social activists and social entrepreneurs. The present study used narrative approach to describe the evolution of social enterprise and explore challenges and dilemmas . The output of the study clearly indicate with clear focus on vision and planning business with differently enabled people whose competence is strong visual orientation can be converted to economic value and in turn contribute to social capital.

  Download

• Concept of Securitisation and its Role in Promoting Economy and Capital Markets

  Dr.Krishnamurthy Prabhakar

  Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan Research Paper Series. 01/2011;

  It is widely believed that securitisation offers tremendous opportunities, and significant benefits, in our country — to issuers and investors, and, from a broader social and Economic perspective, to the citizens and business organizations. Despite its potential, and notwithstanding recent growth, s... [more] It is widely believed that securitisation offers tremendous opportunities, and significant benefits, in our country — to issuers and investors, and, from a broader social and Economic perspective, to the citizens and business organizations. Despite its potential, and notwithstanding recent growth, securitisation remains at a relatively early stage of development, and is still evolving as a mainstream capital markets financing mechanism. The understanding, usage and acceptance of Securitisation varies widely. A basic reason for this may be the relative novelty of securitisation. It has only recently been introduced in our country and does not enjoy the same level of familiarity and recognition as other, more traditional forms of debt and equity financing, among issuers, investors, governmental policymakers or the public. This paper examines the definition of securitisation and various terms used in the process of securitisation. The concept of securitisation is not static but dynamic. It constantly evolves and it is called as financial engineering. Its impact on overall economy, risks and benefits are examined. The paper on securitisation is concluded by its evaluation.

  Download

• Social Forecasting and Future

  Dr.Krishnamurthy Prabhakar

  Philosophy & Methodology of Economics eJournal. 01/2011; 2.

  On a broader plank, Can future be forecasted? The answer is not affirmative. If there is something known or defined as ‘the future’ then it can be attempted. The word future is a relational term it can be discussed as the future of something. Is it possible to forecast results? The answer is more no... [more] On a broader plank, Can future be forecasted? The answer is not affirmative. If there is something known or defined as ‘the future’ then it can be attempted. The word future is a relational term it can be discussed as the future of something. Is it possible to forecast results? The answer is more not affirmative. Forecasts can specify the constraints or limits within which decisions can be effective. Forecasting has different modes. Social forecasting differs from other modes in its scope and techniques. The most important distinction is study of sociological variables that are independent or exogenous and least precise, which affect the behaviour of other variables. In the present paper, an attempt is made to use social forecasting methodology to find what is likely future.

  Download

• Social Forecasting - Tool for Corporate Planning and Application to Information Technology Industry

  Dr.Krishnamurthy Prabhakar

  Econometrics: Applied Econometrics & Modeling eJournal. 01/2011; 4.

  Corporate planning largely relied on technological and economic forecasting. However, failure to predict emergence of new business models, economic down turns led to search for a tool. Social forecasting takes into account different variables that are ignored for lack of precision. Its genesis and m... [more] Corporate planning largely relied on technological and economic forecasting. However, failure to predict emergence of new business models, economic down turns led to search for a tool. Social forecasting takes into account different variables that are ignored for lack of precision. Its genesis and methodological premises such as model procedure, validation process, and past studies are explored. Social forecasting is applied for information technology industry with help Generational Learning Model to answer questions relating to growth of software industry. The analysis offered promising results and predicted the worldwide recession.

  Download

• Mathematical Modelling of Expected Default Frequency

  Dr.K.Prabhakar, S.Ramya

  Econometrics: Mathematical Methods & Programming eJournal. 01/2011;

  One of the major frontiers in modern finance is the quantification of credit risk and the major resolution of the lessor companies is to identify lessees such that there arises no events of default. The insight to view the equity of a company as a call option provides a coherent framework for the ob... [more] One of the major frontiers in modern finance is the quantification of credit risk and the major resolution of the lessor companies is to identify lessees such that there arises no events of default. The insight to view the equity of a company as a call option provides a coherent framework for the objective measurement of credit risk. subsequently, credit models were designed on the basis of market data rather than solely depending on the accounting based valuations. However, the market based structural models had its share of challenges in the form of determining value of assets and its volatility and obtaining a cardinal value for the default probability. The extension of the preliminary structural models based on the call options, coupled with empirical databases paved way for accurate models for credit-risk valuation. This efficiency was achieved by the Moody’s Corporation through a model named KMV model through the computation of Expected Default Frequency (EDF). The KMV EDF model forms the basis of this analysis which arrives at the default probability of a particular industry and through a multi-variant regression analysis, compares the correlation between the market based EDF and accounting ratios. The model thus formed and verified aims to cater quick decision- making on the credit worthiness of the lease applicants, by determining the applicant’s likelihood to default payments.

  Download

• Comparative Situational Analysis of Business Process Outsourcing Industry in India with Focus on Human Resources Issues Considering Occupational Therapists Suggestions

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  ORGANIZATIONS & MARKETS: ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS eJOURNAL. 01/2011; 3.

  This paper examines the growth of business process outsourcing industry in India with focus on issues and challenges in human resources issues. Primarily, the definition is provided and different research reports are examined from sociological point of view in addition to human resources viewpoint. ... [more] This paper examines the growth of business process outsourcing industry in India with focus on issues and challenges in human resources issues. Primarily, the definition is provided and different research reports are examined from sociological point of view in addition to human resources viewpoint. The human resources issues are unique to BPO industry. Its work force is relatively young and high paid compared to other jobs and the industry is growing; the job dissatisfaction is growing and attrition rates are alarming. What makes the industry different? What are the research findings with respect to different time periods? What are the issues identified? With lowest salary being paid to Indian worker as indicated by research across different parts of the world; will the employers provide medical attention to the health issues as being done by other countries? Or what is the learning for countries like Africa who want to enter this industry? These are the questions endeavored to be answered by this research paper. One of the important contributions of this study is the health problems faced by employees and physicians and occupational therapists suggestions related to improve the work environment for employees.

  Download

• Decision Making-Raju's Dilemma - Case Study

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR eJOURNAL. 01/2011; 2.

  This case study describes a real time situation faced by an employee in an organization. The names and organizations are changed as per request of the employee. The major focus of this case study is make the reader of the case to identify a stand and then "own the role" and examines the &q... [more] This case study describes a real time situation faced by an employee in an organization. The names and organizations are changed as per request of the employee. The major focus of this case study is make the reader of the case to identify a stand and then "own the role" and examines the "implications of the stand or decision from various dimensions. In this, case an employee who was working in an Indian firm for long time and had a transition to a multinational organization. He is very happy with the systems followed by the organization compared to his old organization. However, when he faced with a situation that is most difficult for him to work, he wants to change to his old organization. His old organization, which had no downsizing policy, has picked it up as a strategic alternative to stray competitive. The reader is expected to solve the dilemma faced by Raju. Application: This case study will be suitable for students undergoing I year MBA when they are exposed to all functional areas. Similarly, it is suitable to Human Resources Practitioners with two to three years of experience. Objectives of the case: Concepts Involved in the case is "dilemma" faced by a person in a difficult Human Resources situation. The major objective of this case is to identify decision problem faced by Raju. For this, the reader has to use analytical skills of exploring the alternatives and arrive at a decision that has to be justified by him. It the issues such as approach avoidance conflicts if he is with Wellbonne he has to face downsizing. If he shifts to Charkraj, he has to face his old colleagues who may not accept him. He may have to do downsizing or convince his vice president not to downsize. All these issues have to be brought out by the reader to examine the issues, identify a stand and adhere to the stand.

  Download

• Economic and Demographic Forecasting For Business Process Outsourcing Industry in India

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  EMERGING MARKETS ECONOMICS: INDUSTRIAL POLICY & REGULATION eJOURNAL. 01/2011; 2.

  Indian business process outsourcing industry has progressed considerably over the past one decade and recognized worldwide as a powerhouse. However, for the trajectory to continue there is a need to examine the economic and demographic forecasting for the next four years to arrive at meaningful conc... [more] Indian business process outsourcing industry has progressed considerably over the past one decade and recognized worldwide as a powerhouse. However, for the trajectory to continue there is a need to examine the economic and demographic forecasting for the next four years to arrive at meaningful conclusions. An attempt has been made to briefly study the economic forecasting using leading indicators method and demographic forecasting is done with the help of secondary data. It is observed that India has a stronger scope for growth for years 2012-2015.

  Download

• Typology of Organizations – Application to BPO Organizations

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION, & GROWTH eJOURNAL. 01/2011; 6.

  This paper primarily focuses on the need for finding typology of Business Process Outsourcing organization. The frequent claim my most of the managers of BPO is to say that it is a nascent industry and most of the experience with other organizations is not applicable here. However, giving credence t... [more] This paper primarily focuses on the need for finding typology of Business Process Outsourcing organization. The frequent claim my most of the managers of BPO is to say that it is a nascent industry and most of the experience with other organizations is not applicable here. However, giving credence to their thought literature survey is undertaken to study to work on providing typology to organization to apply some general principles. This led to extensive work done by Allport (1962) and Katz and Khan (1966) to enunciate the principles of typology of organizations. The role of instrumental cycle and expressive cycle in performance of tasks is discussed. Based on interview method with ten human resources managers and self-introspection, typology of BPO organization is given with suggestions for human resources interventions.

  Download

• Narrative Approach to Study Business Model of Flower Sellers and Role of Micro Finance

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  BANKING & FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS eJOURNAL. 01/2011; 3.

  Flower sellers are part of Tamil culture. They are found in every town, predominantly women. Use of flowers for different festivals, occasions or as an expression of auspicious nature of event is part flock lore of Tamil culture. However, it is not restricted to Tamilnadu and may be generalized for ... [more] Flower sellers are part of Tamil culture. They are found in every town, predominantly women. Use of flowers for different festivals, occasions or as an expression of auspicious nature of event is part flock lore of Tamil culture. However, it is not restricted to Tamilnadu and may be generalized for other parts of India. However, their business models are least studied and seldom cared for by management researchers. One of the estimates indicates the flower market in Chennai is one hundred cores per annum providing employment to approximately one lakh thousand women. As predominantly the business is carried out by women with less education, narrative approach has been used to obtain information and make some inferences. The model given by Business Model Generation is used to discern different dimensions of business. For this study 20 flower sellers were interviewed – mainly about their background and their business model with Focus on how they manage their finances and role of micro finance. Also included in this report are insights from 3 others who are a part of the world of micro finance – Mr. Matt Duncan of the Grameen foundation, Ms Rebecca, centre leader of Equitas in Choolaimedu and Mr. Viswanathan, a local money lender or in international terms money shark. Some of the results are counter intuitive; they prefer the money shark. The inferences are given in the form of points to ponder on what should be done by state, administration or civil society to help these millions who are just have no voice or just not worthy to reach except during elections.

  Download

• An Introduction to Ethics

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  DECISION MAKING, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR & PERFORMANCE eJOURNAL. 01/2011; 2.

  Young engineer graduating from university has many career choices. He or she can choose to be an entrepreneur, join a small firm or a multinational organization. Each of these organizations operates in business environment that is totally different before two decades. In a globalized era the frame w... [more] Young engineer graduating from university has many career choices. He or she can choose to be an entrepreneur, join a small firm or a multinational organization. Each of these organizations operates in business environment that is totally different before two decades. In a globalized era the frame work in which organizations work also have undergone a lot of change. The product life cycles are shortened, downsizing, and lean and mean manufacturing, outsourcing has become some of the competitive strategies of organization. Organizations have no more stable and predictive environment. In this scenario, the young engineer is faced with many dilemmas. The present paper addresses the issues of moral dilemmas and methods to deal with a set of bibliography.

  Download

• Should we miss Einsteins in Higher Education in India- Do We Have Some Lessons to Learn?

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  Academia.edu. 01/2011;

  This paper addresses the issue of higher education from a different perspective. It takes into account what is likely to happen in future and what is we need to do now.... [more] This paper addresses the issue of higher education from a different perspective. It takes into account what is likely to happen in future and what is we need to do now.

  Download

• Impact of Corruption on Corporate Governance- An Overview under the Context of Policy Framework against Corporate Corruption

  Rangaswamy D, Dr. K. Prabhakar, C Prabhakaran

  Emerging Markets Economics: Firm Behavior & Microeconomic Issues eJournal. 01/2011;

  Corporate governance is the set of arrangements through which organizations account to their stakeholders. Corporate governance and development are strongly related. Research has consistently shown that sound corporate governance supports economic development by promoting the efficient use of resour... [more] Corporate governance is the set of arrangements through which organizations account to their stakeholders. Corporate governance and development are strongly related. Research has consistently shown that sound corporate governance supports economic development by promoting the efficient use of resources and by creating conditions that attract both domestic and foreign investment. Just as good corporate governance contributes to the sustainable development prospects of countries, increased economic sustainability of nations and institutional reforms that come with it provide the necessary basis for improved governance in the public and private sector. Alternatively, corporate governance failures can undermine development efforts by misallocating much needed capital and resources and developmental fallbacks can reinforce weak governance in the private sector and undermine job and wealth creation. ����������������������������������������

  Download

• The Economics of 350; Economic Way of Viewing Climate Stabilization

  Dr.Krishnamurthy Prabhakar

  International Conference on Emerging Green Technologies. 01/2011; ISBN:978-81-920465-4-9.

  The present paper is a discussion on a single scientific economic measure for climate stabilization; called the Economics of 350. The need for stabilizing the atmospheric Co2 to 350 parts per million is felt more than ever by scientists. However, reducing consumption to that level is likely to have ... [more] The present paper is a discussion on a single scientific economic measure for climate stabilization; called the Economics of 350. The need for stabilizing the atmospheric Co2 to 350 parts per million is felt more than ever by scientists. However, reducing consumption to that level is likely to have disastrous economic consequences. Present paper is an attempt to address the issue and build a sense of urgency for the policy makers to evaluate the cost benefit analysis of Economics of 350.

  Download

• ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADER AND NATIVE INTELLIGENT ACHIEVER WITH A VISION FOR FUTURE INDIA: YATRA OF SHANMUGAPPA

  S.Deenadayalan, Dr.K.Prabhakar

  International Conference on Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation: International models and benchmarks, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore- 560 076, India; 01/2011

  “I was happy and privileged to sit by his side to understand further about his dreams. India needs many leaders like Shanmugappa”- Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, Former President of India. These are the words about Shanmugappa. He started his career as a porter in Banglore Railway station after failing in se... [more] “I was happy and privileged to sit by his side to understand further about his dreams. India needs many leaders like Shanmugappa”- Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, Former President of India. These are the words about Shanmugappa. He started his career as a porter in Banglore Railway station after failing in secondary school certificate examination and left his native place with two rupees given by his father with virtues of dignity of labour. This narrative will bring to life different phases of journey of his life to become Chief Executive Officer and leading one of the largest industry association in the world. His first lesson of engagement is on learning loading and unloading. His organization has world class manufacturing facility that caters to the needs of forty different countries with no vision or mission statements or use any of the modern management practices. The world class machinery is designed by him and by his workers who have only school education. This paper analyses the entrepreneurial success factors using phenomenological approach to unravel the native intelligence achievement. While agriculture is the largest employer and backbone of economy in India, however what is not known is the fact that next largest employer is truck industry and contributions made by truckers. It is estimated that 1,60,,000 crores is the finance requirement of the industry and mostly done by private financiers. As mainstream financial institutes shun it as informal sector applying traditional economic analysis ignoring latest theories of self organization economics. The industry had a legal frame work created in 1865 and continued till 2010 without reaching consensus with different stakeholders. The total corruption in the truck industry is estimated to be 35,000 crores (7 billion dollars) creating bottle necks to the growth of the economy. Human resources are least considered and drivers are beaten to death, if they fail to pay bribes. life’s learning by going to jail, sleeping on pavements and feeling the suffering of families of drivers who lost their lives and threats from mafias made him stronger to live with values and not bending to corruption. At the end of the case study there are a set of answers for which you are required to deliberate; to question; to discern the cultural artefacts; philosophy of living and appreciate different ways of doing world class business in Indias; consisting of both rich man’s India and poor man’s India. This story of this extraordinary person following context based research methodology is likely to inspire everyone who would like to take up “ hard work revolution” and an yatra with no expectation. The truck industry is generally deemed to be unorganized sector according to majority of the Indian economic literature. However, this characterization is contested by suggesting the industry as self organized system which can be transformed by an invisible choreographer.

  Download

• GANDHIAN MARXISM WITH ETHICS AND VALUES OF SUSTAINABILITY COEXISTING WITH CAPITALISM: LAL SALAM TO GOVERNANCE OF DAYAKAR REDDY

  S.Deenadayalan, Dr.K.Prabhakar, Srilata

  International Conference on Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation: International models and benchmarks, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore- 560 076, India; 01/2011

  The word and philosophy of Gandhian Marxism appear to be oxymoron, while Gandhiji espoused non violence, Marx advocated class disappearance by armed struggle. Pragati Nagar, social, economic and physical eco system is designed to balance capitalism, spiritualism and holistic wellness of people creat... [more] The word and philosophy of Gandhian Marxism appear to be oxymoron, while Gandhiji espoused non violence, Marx advocated class disappearance by armed struggle. Pragati Nagar, social, economic and physical eco system is designed to balance capitalism, spiritualism and holistic wellness of people creating a model village near Hyderabad. It is a village with urban amenities and infrastructure; it has cement roads; green platforms; lawns and road dividers all well planned by a seven hundred and twenty five former employees, of a public sector unit privatized by state which later disappeared in to the black hole of private profit from public property. Every person in the town has low cost access towards high quality education from primary to engineering, safe drinking water, sports facilities, secondary health care, prayer halls for all major faiths and modern gymnasium. The village has banned use of alcohol, gutka, and cool drinks and usage of plastics in the village. The tax collection is one hundred percent and financial success of local self governance is exceptional. The genesis of the urban village is unique. The union leaders were fighting the state which was planning to close the organization due to continued losses. Housing Committee of employees identified and constructed an ideal habitant for its members. The visionary leader for the project is Dayakar Reddy, with his team wanted to create a community of self governance with a difference that is with cost effective civic amenities, value based, transparent, consensus decision making and environmentally sensitive. Challenges are plenty for him to address the infrastructure issues. He and his team hired 500 construction experts, masons and builders. Procured material to have economical housing. At the same time the residents were fighting for their livelihood. They with their collective purchase capability bought all their milk and vegetables from the primary source eliminating the middle men. Pragati Nagar is the only panchayat in the country to have obtained ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004. For administering common properties People Progress Trust was created with Mr.Sri Satyanarayana, Chairman, Emeritus, HRD Network, as trustee. He is an adjudicator, arbitrator and a Gandhian who does not own a house in the colony mentored from the genesis of village, the local governance model. Dayakar Reddy says this model may be replicated as it requires credibility, transparency and hard work. This case examines the process of attaining this status by using both qualitative and quantitative research tools to find happiness index of people, satisfaction with self governance model, and the evolution of the leadership model based on values of honesty to create a self sufficient village economy in India. The research results indicate that the model is an example of attaining tipping point for local self governance with excellent financial success. It also examines the likely challenges and recommends the need for promoting and replication of the model by way of spread.

  Download

• CASE STUDY ON BUSINESS MODEL OF ALAYEM EYE CARE TO REACH MILLIONS AT BOTTOM OF PYRAMID

  Prof.Lata Suresh, Dr.K.Prabhakar

  International Conference on Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation: International models and benchmarks, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore- 560 076, India; 01/2011

  Raja is a barber in Padavedu who used to earn one hundred rupees a day. He had a son studying in the eight standard in a nearby government school. As Raja turned forty, he was making mistakes while shaving and cutting hair due to refractive error in his eye. The village elders suggested that it was ... [more] Raja is a barber in Padavedu who used to earn one hundred rupees a day. He had a son studying in the eight standard in a nearby government school. As Raja turned forty, he was making mistakes while shaving and cutting hair due to refractive error in his eye. The village elders suggested that it was the right time for him to induct his son into his profession and retire. He discontinued his son’s education and trained him in his family profession- barber. Sivakumar, a resident from the same village and a classmate of Raja’s son was moved by the incident. A few years later Sivakumar had the opportunity to observe an eye camp that was organized in his village. He interacted with one paramedical worker in the camp, and understand the role of eye camps and optometrists. He decided that restoring eyesight to people would be his mission in life. To his greatest surprise he learnt that Raja’s eye problem could have been solved at a cost of not more than two hundred rupees and his friend could have continued studying in school. Sivakumar pursued a Diploma in Optometry and he became an optometrist. He realized that uncorrected refractive error was the major cause of avoidable vision impairment and the second most common cause of blindness in India and the world generally. He started Alayem Eye Care, an optometric clinic where he identified and diagnosed refractive errors; prescribed and marketed spectacles at prices of one hundred fifty to three hundred rupees which were affordable to all sections of the society. He purchased a set of mobile eye testing equipment and started conducting eye camps for the weaker sections in Chennai city and its suburbs. He refers people with cataract problems to hospitals within Chennai where they would get free surgery. He figured that Optometrists, who were primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and vision system can successfully manage the leading cause of blindness and can also help alleviate the burden of other causes of blindness. There are only 1,200 Optometrists produced in India as against the national need for 11,000 of them. This prompted Sivakumar to launch the Sight Care Institute of Optometry to train Optometrists by enrolling in the accredited One Year and Two Year Certificate and Diploma Courses in Optometry. He envisions to create 200 Optometrists every year by his efforts. He has also created a social entrepreneurial venture model consisting of four persons with an investment of thirty thousand to provide eye care services for society with a sustainable model of co-creating value. This case study describes such creation that is likely to reach the bottom of the pyramid of society by creating a model that is anti thesis to the model espoused at fortune at the bottom of the pyramid and consider people as partners of progress. The model’s clinical authenticity is documented.

  Download

• What is the future of e-books?

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  ECONOMICS OF NETWORKS eJOURNAL. 01/2010; 3.

  This paper examines the genesis of e-books. The situational analysis with respect to different aspects relating to business organizations' involvement in the industry and authentic published information is studied with the help of secondary data. Questions such as who is reading e-books, why the... [more] This paper examines the genesis of e-books. The situational analysis with respect to different aspects relating to business organizations' involvement in the industry and authentic published information is studied with the help of secondary data. Questions such as who is reading e-books, why they are reading them, and where they are reading are analyses and insights documented. A set of conclusions are provided on the nature of market for the future of e-books is given.

  Download

• Social Forecasting: Evolving a Model for Indian Business Process Outsourcing Industry

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  01/2009

  Degree: PhD

  Supervisor: Dr.Salma Ahmed

  Download Paper

• An Analytical Study on Assessing Human Competencies Based on Tests

  Dr.K.Prabhakar

  Third AIMS International Conference on Management, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad; 01/2006

  Testing Instruments are used to test Intelligence Quotient or personality tests to evaluate past-acquired competencies or future success in education or employment. A close examination and study of human cognition based on biological and anthropological evidence such as plasticity of brain we may ha... [more] Testing Instruments are used to test Intelligence Quotient or personality tests to evaluate past-acquired competencies or future success in education or employment. A close examination and study of human cognition based on biological and anthropological evidence such as plasticity of brain we may have to include more universal set of competencies than ordinarily been considered such as verbal, mathematical and logical competencies. This paper attempts to address issues relating to definition of intelligence, its components and application of study for educational testing and selection process.

  Download