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Guido Majno, M.D., 1922–2010
Abstract
This In Memoriam highlights the life of Dr. Guido Majno.
The historical development of the cell death concept is reviewed, with special attention to the origin of the terms necrosis, coagulation necrosis, autolysis, physiological cell death, programmed cell death, chromatolysis (the first name of apoptosis in 1914), karyorhexis, karyolysis, and cell suicide, of which there are three forms: by lysosomes, by free radicals, and by a genetic mechanism (apoptosis). Some of the typical features of apoptosis are discussed, such as budding (as opposed to blebbing and zeiosis) and the inflammatory response. For cell death not by apoptosis the most satisfactory term is accidental cell death. Necrosis is commonly used but it is not appropriate, because it does not indicate a form of cell death but refers to changes secondary to cell death by any mechanism, including apoptosis. Abundant data are available on one form of accidental cell death, namely ischemic cell death, which can be considered an entity of its own, caused by failure of the ionic pumps of the plasma membrane. Because ischemic cell death (in known models) is accompanied by swelling, the name oncosis is proposed for this condition. The term oncosis (derived from onkos, meaning swelling) was proposed in 1910 by von Reckling-hausen precisely to mean cell death with swelling. Oncosis leads to necrosis with karyolysis and stands in contrast to apoptosis, which leads to necrosis with karyorhexis and cell shrinkage.
Professor Majno is a foremost philosopher-pathologist in the company of Drs Oliver Wendell Holmes, Claude Bernard, Lewis Thomas, and Ruy Pérez-Tamayo. Dr Joris is a productive bioscientist and specialist in inflammatory and vascular phenomena, exemplified in sparkling chapters. Their book is replete with excellent original or borrowed gross and photomicrographs, 27 color plates, x-rays, scans, electron micrographs, immunohistochemical tests, and many outstanding original or adapted diagrams of cells and tissue reactions, graphs, flow charts, and tables that make splendid learning and teaching aids. Some 4500 references are provided, from the time of Hippocrates to the present, quite a few from 1995 and 1996, which takes some doing.Pathobiology examines how and why abnormalities develop, using animal and plant models, cell and tissue cultures, and biologic and biochemical experiments. Philosophers of medicine are rare and to be cherished, for most practicing pathologists have little time to dream. In Cells, Tissues, and
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It all started with a leisurely one-week perusal of the literature on blood vessels. Next thing he knew, it was a 20-year project tracing the history of wound healing.
It could only happen to someone who finds the history of medicine as fascinating as the practice of it.
"I think there is a link between pathology and history—they're both about mechanisms," says Guido Majno, MD, chairman of pathology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester and author of the former Book-of-the-Month Club offering, The Healing Hand, published in 1975 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge). "Many historians of medicine were pathologists, and if you're interested in mechanisms you become a pathologist."
Majno's desire to understand why and how medicine evolved led him to original manuscripts from the ancient civilizations of Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, India, and Iran, among others. Because of this, reading The Healing Hand is like going through
The historical development of the cell death concept is reviewed, with special attention to the origin of the terms necrosis, coagulation necrosis, autolysis, physiological cell death, programmed cell death, chromatolysis (the first name of apoptosis in 1914), karyorhexis, karyolysis, and cell suicide, of which there are three forms: by lysosomes, by free radicals, and by a genetic mechanism (apoptosis). Some of the typical features of apoptosis are discussed, such as budding (as opposed to blebbing and zeiosis) and the inflammatory response. For cell death not by apoptosis the most satisfactory term is accidental cell death. Necrosis is commonly used but it is not appropriate, because it does not indicate a form of cell death but refers to changes secondary to cell death by any mechanism, including apoptosis. Abundant data are available on one form of accidental cell death, namely ischemic cell death, which can be considered an entity of its own, caused by failure of the ionic pumps of the plasma membrane. Because ischemic cell death (in known models) is accompanied by swelling, the name oncosis is proposed for this condition. The term oncosis (derived from ónkos, meaning swelling) was proposed in 1910 by von Reckling-hausen precisely to mean cell death with swelling. Oncosis leads to necrosis with karyolysis and stands in contrast to apoptosis, which leads to necrosis with karyorhexis and cell shrinkage.
The story of the myofibroblast
- G Majno
Majno G: The story of the myofibroblast. Am J Surg Pathol 1979,
3:535-542
Cells, Tissues, and Disease
- Majno