Damian Czepita
Research interests
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InterestsMyopia, Neuro-Ophthalmology
Publications
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1.62Impact points
The effect of progressively increased physical efforts on visual evoked potentials in volleyball players and non-athletes.
Journal of sports sciences. 11/2011; 29(14):1563-72.
We assessed the effect of physical effort with increasing intensity on neural activity in the visual pathway in volleyball players (n = 10) and non-athletes (n = 10). Participants performed three 10-min tests of increasing intensity on a cycle ergometer. Each participant was assigned individual work... [more] We assessed the effect of physical effort with increasing intensity on neural activity in the visual pathway in volleyball players (n = 10) and non-athletes (n = 10). Participants performed three 10-min tests of increasing intensity on a cycle ergometer. Each participant was assigned individual workloads below the lactate threshold (40% [Vdot]O(2max)), at the lactate threshold (65-75% [Vdot]O(2max)), and above the lactate threshold (80% [Vdot]O(2max)). Four recordings of visual evoked potentials were made: pre-exercise and immediately after each of the three subsequent tests. We assessed neural activity of the visual pathway by examining the amplitude and latency of the N75, P100, and N135 components of the visual evoked potentials waveform. Pre-exercise P100 wave latency was shorter (P < 0.05) in volleyball players than in non-athletes. In non-athletes, the latency of P100 following the first and second effort (40% and 65-75% [Vdot]O(2max)) was reduced compared with pre-exercise (P < 0.01). However, P100 latency increased and P100 amplitude decreased after the third test (80% [Vdot]O(2max)) in non-athletes. In contrast, no significant changes in the latency or amplitude of visual evoked potentials were observed in the athletes in the three tests. Neural conductivity in the visual pathway after exercise might be at least partially dependent on the individual's personal training adaptation status.
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The effect of genetic factors on the occurrence of myopia.
Klinika oczna. 01/2011; 113(1-3):22-4.
The aim of this study was to investigate on a large population if and how genetic factors have an influence on the occurrence of myopia. A total of 5533 students were examined (2659 boys and 2874 girls, in age 6 18 years, mean age 11.9, S.D. 3.2). The examination included retinoscopy under cyclopleg... [more] The aim of this study was to investigate on a large population if and how genetic factors have an influence on the occurrence of myopia. A total of 5533 students were examined (2659 boys and 2874 girls, in age 6 18 years, mean age 11.9, S.D. 3.2). The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia induced with 1% tropicamide. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of at least -0.5 dioptres. The students and their parents completed a questionnaire on the child's family history of myopia. Data analysis was performed using chi-squared test; p-values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. It was found that myopia occurs more often in students whose father (p < 0.001), mother (p < 0.001) or siblings (p < 0.0001) have myopia. A relation between the occurrence of myopia in grandparents and grandchildren was not observed (p > 0.05). The obtained results indicate that genetic factors have a significant effect on the occurrence of myopia.
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1.54Impact points
Associations between HLA molecules and ophthalmologic diseases.
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 09/2010; 16(9):RA191-6.
The aim of this review was to analyze associations between HLA (human leukocyte antigens) alleles described thus far and an array of ophthalmologic disorders. Highly polymorphic HLA molecules play a crucial role in immunological response to various pathogens. Due to environmental pressures exerted m... [more] The aim of this review was to analyze associations between HLA (human leukocyte antigens) alleles described thus far and an array of ophthalmologic disorders. Highly polymorphic HLA molecules play a crucial role in immunological response to various pathogens. Due to environmental pressures exerted mostly by infectious factors in the past, population frequencies of particular alleles differ greatly and modulate immunological response in various diseases. Associations between HLA alleles and over 500 pathologies, mainly autoimmune, infective and inflammatory diseases, have been previously described. In the course of certain HLA-related diseases described so far, eye manifestations are present. In this paper we review the structure, function and linkage between HLA antigens, ophthalmologic diseases and systemic disorders with eye involvement.
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2.10Impact points
The effect of physical effort on retinal activity in the human eye: rod and cone flicker electroretinogram studies.
Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 02/2010; 248(5):659-66.
The aim of our study was to assess the effect of physical exercise with increasing intensity on neuroretinal activity in healthy subjects (n = 30). We analysed the amplitude and implicit time of b-wave electroretinogram (ERG) responses in two experiments: (1) for a scotopic blue 10 Hz flicker stimul... [more] The aim of our study was to assess the effect of physical exercise with increasing intensity on neuroretinal activity in healthy subjects (n = 30). We analysed the amplitude and implicit time of b-wave electroretinogram (ERG) responses in two experiments: (1) for a scotopic blue 10 Hz flicker stimulus (rod-mediated responses), and (2) for a photopic white 30 Hz flicker stimulus (cone-mediated responses). Using a cycloergometer, three 10-minute effort-tests with increasing intensity were performed. Each participant was assigned individual workload values (W) below the lactate threshold (40% VO(2)max), at the lactate threshold (60-65% VO(2)max) and above the lactate threshold (80% VO(2)max). Five ERG recordings were taken: (1) before, (2-4) immediately after the three subsequent efforts and (5) 1 hour after the completion of the last effort. The right eye was selected for monocular stimulation in both experiments. After the first effort (40% VO(2)max), we observed an increased amplitude (p < 0.001) and decreased implicit time of the b-wave (p < 0.01) in cone-mediated responses, and no significant effects in rod-mediated responses. Despite the increase in effort intensity, the cone b-wave amplitude remained unchanged, whereas the rod b-wave amplitude significantly decreased after the subsequent efforts (p < 0.001). Rod-mediated responses were more susceptible to effort-induced homeostasis disruptions than the cone-mediated responses. The application of ERGs may be used as neurophysiological criteria in defining the cardiovascular status of the physical performance.
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[Eye development in children. Part I. Eyeball dimensions].
Klinika oczna. 01/2010; 112(7-9):263-7.
The aim of an article is to introduce and elaborate on the available literature concerning eyeball development. The information content in the article comes from studies performed on groups of children of different ages. In some analysis study groups were chosen depending on sex. Axial length of the... [more] The aim of an article is to introduce and elaborate on the available literature concerning eyeball development. The information content in the article comes from studies performed on groups of children of different ages. In some analysis study groups were chosen depending on sex. Axial length of the eye, depth of anterior chamber, lens's thickness and vitreous's dimension was defined. Intensive changes of eyeball dimensions progress with age. A period of fast and slow growth of the eye can be discerned. Axial length of the eye, depth of anterior chamber, lens's thickness and vitreous's dimension increase over time. Growth of the axial length is mainly caused by increasing axial length of vitreous cavity. The increase in depth of the anterior chamber plays a lesser role. Girls tend to have shorter eyes compared with boys. Both age and male gender are associated with deeper anterior chambers and larger vitreous cavity. Lens thickness decreases with the growth of the eyeball. However gender does not play a role. Based on current literature, it is difficult exactly indicate what are the standards of eyeball growth in children and youths. To establish these parameters, further studies on the another examination in representative group of children and teenagers are necessary.
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[Amoebas of the genus acanthamoeba as an etiological factor of keratitis].
Klinika oczna. 01/2010; 112(4-6):161-4.
The aim of the paper was to describe the role of amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba in the pathogenesis of keratitis. A review of literature concerning the role of amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba in the pathogenesis of keratitis was done. Amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba can be widely found in soi... [more] The aim of the paper was to describe the role of amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba in the pathogenesis of keratitis. A review of literature concerning the role of amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba in the pathogenesis of keratitis was done. Amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba can be widely found in soil, air, fresh as well as saline water and as facultative parasites in humans. Amoebas of this genus are responsible for the creation of Acanthamoeba keratitis. In this paper the latest data concerning the epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis have been cited and disscused. 1. Keratitis induced by amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba are characterized as acute and difficult to treat. 2. Acanthamoeba keratitis occurs in recent years more often due to the fact that more people wear contact lenses.
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[Eye development in children. Part II. Eye refraction].
Klinika oczna. 01/2010; 112(10-12):337-41.
The aim of this article is to introduce and elaborate on changes of eye refraction during growth of the eyeball based on available literature. All the data in the article comes from studies performed on children from different age groups. In some studies children were divided to different gender gro... [more] The aim of this article is to introduce and elaborate on changes of eye refraction during growth of the eyeball based on available literature. All the data in the article comes from studies performed on children from different age groups. In some studies children were divided to different gender groups with some parameters being analyzed separately. Total refraction, corneal and lens power was defined. The theory concerning process to reach emmetropia was presented. The eyeball dimensions undergo intensive change with age. During this time a period of fast and slow growth of the eye can be observed. Axial length of the eye, corneal curvature, depth of anterior chamber, lens's structure and curvature are developed. Due to the dynamic growth of the eyeball, changes in eye refraction also occur. A correct anatomically and functioning eye is called emmetropic. Changes of eye refraction mostly occur during the early years of life and afterward stabilize. Refraction depends on the increase of axial length and changes in corneal and lens power. The process to reach emmetropia in the eye is based on local feedback mechanism. Emmetropia is the result of both passive and active processes during the period of growth. Total refracting power is reduced after birth to maintain an emmetropic state in adults. Mean corneal and lens power. decreased with age. Girls tend to have steeper corneas, stronger crystalline lenses and shorter eyeballs compared with boys. Refraction of small eyeballs in children is more powerful than in adults. Based on available literature it is difficult to conclusively indicate the standards of refraction during growth in children and teenagers. In order to establish these parameters, further examinations on a representative group of children and teenagers is necessary.
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Reading, writing, working on a computer or watching television, and myopia.
Klinika oczna. 01/2010; 112(10-12):293-5.
The aim of our study was to investigate on a large population if reading, writing, working on a computer or watching television might be associated with the occurrence of myopia. A total of 5865 schoolchildren were examined (2792 boys and 3073 girls, at the age 6-18 years, mean age 11.9, S.D. 3.3). ... [more] The aim of our study was to investigate on a large population if reading, writing, working on a computer or watching television might be associated with the occurrence of myopia. A total of 5865 schoolchildren were examined (2792 boys and 3073 girls, at the age 6-18 years, mean age 11.9, S.D. 3.3). The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia induced with 1% tropicamide. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent of at least -0.50 dioptres. Mean refractive error was -1.2, SD 1.3. (The students and their parents completed a questionnaire on the child's visual work. Data analysis was performed using independence chi-squared Pearson test; p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. It was observed that myopia occurs more often in students who read and write >2 hours/day (p<0.001), and also work >0.8 hours/day on a computer (p<0.01). Furthermore, no increase in the prevalence of myopia in subjects who spend >2 hours/day watching television was found (p>0.05). The obtained results indicate that reading, writing, working on a computer might be associated with the occurrence of myopia among schoolchildren. Watching television is not related to the occurrence of myopia.
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2.44Impact points
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0.89Impact points
Effects of physical effort on neuroretinal function in athletes and non-athletes: an electroretinographic study.
European journal of ophthalmology. 10/2009;
Purpose. Physical exertion may disturb retinal function. We wondered whether different levels of physical performance could affect the plot of neuroretinal activity after dynamic exercise in healthy subjects. The aim of our study was to estimate the effect of increasing intensity physical exercise o... [more] Purpose. Physical exertion may disturb retinal function. We wondered whether different levels of physical performance could affect the plot of neuroretinal activity after dynamic exercise in healthy subjects. The aim of our study was to estimate the effect of increasing intensity physical exercise on retinal activity in 2 groups: athletes (n=10) and non-athletes (n=10). Methods. We analyzed the amplitude and implicit time of b-wave electroretinogram (ERG) responses for a photopic white 30-Hz flicker stimulus. Using a cycloergometer, 3 10-minute effort tests with increasing intensity were performed. Each participant was attributed an individual workload value (W) below his lactate threshold (40% VO2max), at his lactate threshold (65%-75% VO2max), and above his lactate threshold (80% VO2max). Five ERG recordings were taken: before the efforts (first), immediately after the 3 consecutive efforts (second to fourth), and 1 hour after the last effort (fifth). Results. After the first effort, in both groups we observed a statistically significant increase in b-wave amplitude (p<0.05), and in non-athletes a decrease in implicit time of b-wave (p<0.05). After the last effort, we observed a decreased b-wave amplitude in non-athletes, whereas in athletes the amplitude remained at a high level. Conclusions. Physical effort significantly differentiated the plot of b-wave amplitude changes between athletes and non-athletes. These findings suggest that strenuous physical effort may disturb signal transfer in the inner retinal layer in non-athletic subjects. The ERGs may be used as a neurophysiologic indicator in defining the cardiovascular training status of an athlete.
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[Computer graphic display of retinal examination results. Software improving the quality of documenting fundus changes]
Klinika oczna. 01/2009; 111(7-9):199-202.
PURPOSE: Graphic documentation of retinal examination results in clinical ophthalmological practice is often depicted using pictures or in handwritten form. Popular software products used to describe changes in the fundus do not vary much from simple graphic programs that enable to insert, scale and... [more] PURPOSE: Graphic documentation of retinal examination results in clinical ophthalmological practice is often depicted using pictures or in handwritten form. Popular software products used to describe changes in the fundus do not vary much from simple graphic programs that enable to insert, scale and edit basic graphic elements such as: a circle, rectangle, arrow or text. Displaying the results of retinal examinations in a unified way is difficult to achieve. Therefore, we devised and implemented modern software tools for this purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computer program enabling to quickly and intuitively form graphs of the fundus, that can be digitally archived or printed was created. Especially for the needs of ophthalmological clinics, a set of standard digital symbols used to document the results of retinal examinations was developed and installed in a library of graphic symbols. These symbols are divided into the following categories: preoperative, postoperative, neovascularization, retinopathy of prematurity. The appropriate symbol can be selected with a click of the mouse and dragged-and-dropped on the canvas of the fundus. RESULTS: Current forms of documenting results of retinal examinations are unsatisfactory, due to the fact that they are time consuming and imprecise. Unequivocal interpretation is difficult or in some cases impossible. Using the developed computer program a sketch of the fundus can be created much more quickly than by hand drawing. Additionally the quality of the medica documentation using a system of well described and standardized symbols will be enhanced. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Graphic symbols used to document the results of retinal examinations are a part of everyday clinical practice. (2) The designed computer program will allow quick and intuitive graphical creation of fundus sketches that can be either digitally archived or printed.
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Does a correlation exist between myopia and dental caries?
Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 01/2009; 55(3):20-2.
The aim of this study was to analyze the coexistence of myopia and dental caries. 900 children from Elementary School No 3 in Szczecin, Poland were examined (443 boys and 457 girls, aged 7-13 years, mean age 10, SD = 2). The pupils were Caucasian and resided in or near Szczecin. The examination incl... [more] The aim of this study was to analyze the coexistence of myopia and dental caries. 900 children from Elementary School No 3 in Szczecin, Poland were examined (443 boys and 457 girls, aged 7-13 years, mean age 10, SD = 2). The pupils were Caucasian and resided in or near Szczecin. The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia. Refractive error readings were expressed as the spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE of at least -0.5 D. Unified WHO criteria were used to evaluate the state of health of the oral cavity. The advancement of caries was assessed basing on the mean value of dmf and its components for deciduous teeth, as well as on the mean value of DMF and its components for permanent teeth. The data was analyzed using Pearson's chi2 test and Mann-Whitney U test. P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A high prevalence of dental carries with myopia (91.6%) and without myopia (93.8%) was found. Differences between these two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05, table 1). Furthermore, lower values of d (p < 0.01) and dmf (p < 0.001) in deciduous teeth and higher values of F (p < 0.05) in permanent teeth were observed in association with myopia (table 2). No positive correlation between myopia and dental caries was ascertained.
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Are children with myopia more intelligent? A literature review.
Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 02/2008; 54(1):13-6; discussion 16.
PURPOSE: Refractive errors are a serious worldwide problem. So far a few papers have described the relationship between refractive errors and intelligence. However, based on the growing interest into the relationship between refractive errors and intelligence quotient (IQ) we decided to present and ... [more] PURPOSE: Refractive errors are a serious worldwide problem. So far a few papers have described the relationship between refractive errors and intelligence. However, based on the growing interest into the relationship between refractive errors and intelligence quotient (IQ) we decided to present and discuss the latest results of the clinical studies on that subject. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature concerning the relationship between refractive errors and IQ was done. RESULTS: In 1958 Nadell and Hirsch found that children in America with myopia have a higher IQ. A similar relationship has been described by other researchers from the USA, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Israel, New Zealand, and Singapore. In other related studies, it was reported that myopic children regardless of their IQ gain better school achievements--table 1. It was also observed that schoolchildren with hyperopia have a lower IQ and gain worse school achievements--table 2. Several hypotheses explaining the relationship between refractive errors and intelligence have been published. Recently, Saw et al. concluded that higher IQ may be associated with myopia, independent of books read per week, in schoolchildren. According to them "the association between genetically driven IQ and myopia of hereditary predisposition could be forged because of a pleiotropic relationship between IQ and myopia in which the same causal factor is reflected in both genetic traits. There may be similar genes affecting eye size or growth (associated with myopia) and neocortical size (possibly associated with IQ)". CONCLUSIONS: The conducted clinical observations suggest that children with myopia may have a higher IQ. This relationship is most probably determined by genetic and environmental factors.
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Prevalence of myopia and hyperopia among urban and rural schoolchildren in Poland.
Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 01/2008; 54(1):17-21.
INTRODUCTION: Myopia and hyperopia have a significant clinical meaning as they can be the cause of low visual acuity or even blindness. Therefore, there is a high demand for all clinical investigations regarding the development of the eye and the creation of refractive errors. Nevertheless, not many... [more] INTRODUCTION: Myopia and hyperopia have a significant clinical meaning as they can be the cause of low visual acuity or even blindness. Therefore, there is a high demand for all clinical investigations regarding the development of the eye and the creation of refractive errors. Nevertheless, not many papers have been published around the world which compared the prevalence of myopia as well as hyperopia among metropolitan and provincial schoolchildren. Whereas, in Poland there was not a single paper yet published concerning this topic. That is why the aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia among urban and rural schoolchildren in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 2206 students were examined 1155 boys and 1051 girls, aged 10-14 years, mean age 11.9 (SD = 1.4). 614 boys in the age of 11.8 years (SD = 1.4) lived in the city, as 541 boys in the age of 11.9 years (SD = 1.4) lived in the countryside. 586 girls in the age of 11.8 years (SD = 1.5) lived in the city, as 465 girls in the age of 11.9 years (SD = 1.4) lived in the countryside. The examined students were Caucasian and lived in Szczecin, Poland or in villages located near Szczecin. The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia. The refractive error readings were expressed as spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE of at least -0.5 D, hyperopia as SE of at least +1.5 D. Astigmatism among students with myopia and hyperopia was smaller than 1 DC. Data analysis was performed using chi2 test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: It was observed that myopia occurred more frequently among children living in the city than in the countryside. 13.9% urban and 7.5% rural schoolchildren had myopia (p < 0.001)--table 1. Furthermore, it was found that hyperopia is less frequent among children living in the city than in the countryside. 7.1% urban and 30.8% rural students had hyperopia (p < 0.001)--table 2. It was determined that the average refractive error is lower among children from the city than the countryside--table 3. CONCLUSION: Living in an urban or a rural environment may have an influence on the occurrence of myopia and hyperopia among schoolchildren.
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Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis as a cause of chronic marginal blepharitis.
Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 02/2007; 53(1):63-7; discussion 67.
INTRODUCTION: Intensive long-term studies of Demodex spp. (D.) and its role in chronic blepharits have been carried out in recent years by scientists from the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin. It has resulted in numerous publications, spurring a lot of interest worldwide. A few of the paper... [more] INTRODUCTION: Intensive long-term studies of Demodex spp. (D.) and its role in chronic blepharits have been carried out in recent years by scientists from the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin. It has resulted in numerous publications, spurring a lot of interest worldwide. A few of the papers have been cited in leading American medical journals. In recent years many papers dealing with demodicosis of the eyelids have been published worldwide. Based on the growing interest in the role of Demodex spp. in chronic blepharitis we decided to present and discuss the results of the latest experimental and clinical studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature concerning the role of D. folliculorum and D. brevis in the pathogenesis of chronic blepharitis was done. RESULTS: Demodex spp. are intradermal parasites, which thrive in follicles and sebaceous glands of humans and animals. D. is spread by direct contact and probably by dust containing eggs (figs. 1, 2, 3). Currently, it is thought that pathological changes in the course of demodicosis of the eyelids are consequences of: (1) blockage of follicles and leading out tubules of sebaceous glands by the mites and by reactive hyperkeratinization and epithelial hyperplasia; (2) a mechanical vector role of bacteria; (3) host's inflammatory reaction to the presence of parasite's chitine as a foreign body; and (4) stimulation of the host's humoral responses and cell-mediated immunological reactions under the influence of the mites and their waste products. It has been established that: (1) D. folliculorum and D. brevis are cosmopolitan in terms of their distribution; (2) Infection of Demodex spp. often occurs in the course of chronic blepharitis; (3) With the increase in age, the prevalence rate of eyelid demodicosis rises; (4) Demodicosis of the eyelids may be the effect of the decrease of immunity of some patients. Treatment of demodicosis of the eyelids as a general rule lasts a few months. The use of yellow mercurial ointment, sulphur ointment, camphorated oil, crotamiton, choline esterase inhibitors, sulfacetamide, steroids, antibiotics, as well as antimycotic drugs offers some improvement. A good response has been observed after oral application of ivermectin along with topical application of cream permethrin. However, the best results were obtained after 2% metronidazole gel or ointment treatment. Medical University in Szczecin. It has resulted in numerous publications, spurring a lot of interest worldwide. A few of the papers have been cited in leading American medical journals. In recent years many papers dealing with demodicosis of the eyelids have been published worldwide. Based on the growing interest in the role ofDemodex spp. in chronic blepharitis we decided to present and discuss the results of the latest experimental and clinical studies. Material and methods: A review of the literature concerning the role of D. folliculorum and D. brevis in the pathogenesis of chronic blepharitis was done. Results: Demodex spp. are intradermal parasites, which thrive in follicles and sebaceous glands of humans and animals. D. is spread by direct contact and probably by dust containing eggs (figs. 1, 2, 3). Currently, it is thought that pathological changes in the course of demodicosis of the eyelids are consequences of: (1) blockage of follicles and leading out tubules of sebaceous glands by the mites and by reactive hyperkeratinization and epithelial hyperplasia; (2) a mechanical vector role of bacteria; (3) host's inflammatory reaction to the presence of parasite's chitine as a foreign body; and (4) stimulation of the host's humoral responses and cell-mediated immunological reactions under the influence of the mites and their waste products. It has been established that: (1) D. folliculorum and D. brevis are cosmopolitan in terms of their distribution; (2) Infection ofDemodex spp. often occurs in the course of chronic blepharitis; (3) With the increase in age, the prevalence rate of eyelid demodicosis rises; (4) Demodicosis of the eyelids may be the effect of the decrease of immunity of some patients. Treatment of demodicosis of the eyelids as a general rule lasts a few months. The use of yellow mercurial ointment, sulphur ointment, camphorated oil, crotamiton, choline esterase inhibitors, sulfacetamide, steroids, antibiotics, as well as antimycotic drugs offers some improvement. A good response has been observed after oral application of ivermectin along with topical application of cream permethrin. However, the best results were obtained after 2% metronidazole gel or ointment treatment.
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1.15Impact points
Prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren.
Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 02/2007; 27(1):60-5.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren. METHODS: A total of 4422 students were examined (2107 boys and 2315 girls, aged 6-18 years, mean age 11.1, S.D. 3.5). The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegi... [more] PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren. METHODS: A total of 4422 students were examined (2107 boys and 2315 girls, aged 6-18 years, mean age 11.1, S.D. 3.5). The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia induced with 1% tropicamide. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) of at least -0.5 dioptres (D), and hyperopia as a SE of at least +1.0 D. Data analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and chi-squared test; p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: It was observed that 13.3% of Polish students in the age group ranging from 6 to 18 years were myopic while 13.1% of students were hyperopic. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the prevalence of myopia and age (p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between prevalence of hyperopia and age (p < 0.001). It was observed that the prevalence of myopia increases substantially between 7 and 8 years of age (p < 0.01). Moreover, it was determined that with age the average refractive error among schoolchildren becomes more myopic (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence, degree and progress of myopia and hyperopia in Poland is similar to that in other European countries with a predominantly Caucasian population.
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Prevalence of refractive errors in schoolchildren ranging from 6 to 18 years of age.
Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 01/2007; 53(1):53-6.
PURPOSE: The aim of the paper was to study the prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in schoolchildren ranging from 6-18 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 5724 children from elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools were examined (2765 boys and 2959 girls, aged 6-18 years,... [more] PURPOSE: The aim of the paper was to study the prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in schoolchildren ranging from 6-18 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 5724 children from elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools were examined (2765 boys and 2959 girls, aged 6-18 years, mean age 11.7, SD = 3.2). The examined students were Caucasian and resided in and around Szczecin, Poland. The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia. The refractive error readings were expressed as the spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE of at least -0.5 D, hyperopia as SE of at least +1.0 D. Astigmatism was diagnosed when the difference in the refraction of axes in one eye was greater than 0.5 DC. The statistical analysis of data was performed by calculating the linear correlation coefficients and the coefficients for the regression equation. Additionally, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: It was observed that 13% of Polish students in the age group from 6 to 18 were myopic, 38% of students were hyperopic and 4% were astigmatic. Besides, a positive correlation was found between the prevalence of myopia and age (p <0.001) as well as a negative correlation between prevalence of hyperopia and age (p < 0.001). An association between the prevalence of astigmatism and age was not observed.
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Role of gender in the occurrence of refractive errors.
Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 01/2007; 53(2):5-7.
PURPOSE: The aim of the paper was to study the role of gender in the occurrence of refractive errors in schoolchildren ranging from 6-18 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 5865 children from elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools were examined (2845 boys, aged 6-18 years, mean age... [more] PURPOSE: The aim of the paper was to study the role of gender in the occurrence of refractive errors in schoolchildren ranging from 6-18 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 5865 children from elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools were examined (2845 boys, aged 6-18 years, mean age 11.4, SD = 3.0 and 3020 girls, aged 6-18 years, mean age 11.9, SD = 3.3). The examined students were Caucasian and resided in and around Szczecin, Poland. The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia. The refractive error readings were reported as spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE of at least -0.5 D, hyperopia as SE of at least +1.0 D. Astigmatism was diagnosed when the difference in the refraction of axes in one eye was > 0.5 DC. Data analysis was performed using chi2 test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: It was found that myopia occurs more frequently in girls (7.4%) than in boys (5.1%) - p < 0.001. Hyperopia occurs more frequently in boys (19.6%) than in girls (18.2%) - p < 0.001. A slightly higher prevalence of astigmatism in girls (1.9%) than in boys (1.5%) was also observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Gender influences the occurrence of myopia and hyperopia in schoolchildren ranging from 6-18 years of age.
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The influence of low birth weight on the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren.
Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis. 02/2006; 52(1):63-6.
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine in a large population whether low birth weight has an influence on the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3663 schoolchildren were examined (1738 boys and 1925 girls, aged 6-17 years, mean age 11.1, SD = 3.2). Th... [more] PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine in a large population whether low birth weight has an influence on the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3663 schoolchildren were examined (1738 boys and 1925 girls, aged 6-17 years, mean age 11.1, SD = 3.2). The weight at birth was 1500-2500 grams (mean 2184, SD = 271) in 254 and more than 2500 grams (mean 3398, SD = 441) in the remaining 3409 children. Skiascopy with cycloplegia was done and refractive error readings were reported as the spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE < or = -0.5 D, hyperopia as SE > or = +1.5 D. Anisometropia was diagnosed when the difference in the refraction of both eyes was > 1.0 D. The parents completed a questionnaire on the child's weight and term of birth. Data analysis was performed using chi-square test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Hyperopia was observed more frequently in 6-7 year-old children whose birth weight was > 2500 grams (p < 0.05) - table 1. Additionally, it was found that anisometropia was less frequent in 10-11 year-old children whose birth weight was > 2500 g (p < 0.05) - table 2. CONCLUSION: Low birth weight may have an effect on the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchidren.
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[Role of the organ of vision in the course of developmental dyslexia]
Klinika oczna. 02/2006; 108(1-3):110-3.
PURPOSE: To present and describe the role of the organ of vision in the course of developmental dyslexia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comprehensive review of contemporary literature about the etiopathogenesis and the clinical symptoms of dyslexia was conducted. RESULTS: Developmental dyslexia in other w... [more] PURPOSE: To present and describe the role of the organ of vision in the course of developmental dyslexia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comprehensive review of contemporary literature about the etiopathogenesis and the clinical symptoms of dyslexia was conducted. RESULTS: Developmental dyslexia in other words is the specific difficulty of a person with reading and writing caused by a deficit in the development of perceptive and motoric functions as well as the coordination of these functions. The etiopathogenesis of dyslexia is not definitely determined. Currently developmental dyslexia is thought to be determined by environmental and genetic factors. In accessible literature it is noted that a total of 5-17.5% of all people is effected by dyslexia. It is widely regarded that 63% of all sufferers of dyslexia develop the auditory type of dyslexia with an additional 9% having the visual type of dyslexia, while the rest develop a mixed type. The basis of visual dyslexia lies in the disorder of visual perception linked to the disorders of visual and motoric coordination as well as visual and spatial integration. People with developmental dyslexia tend to evolve numerous changes in the magnocellular pathway, eyeball movements, accommodation as well as binocular vision.
Following (4)
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Robert Rejdak
Department of Ophthalmology; Medical University of Lublin -
Anna Lubkowska
University of Szczecin -
Maria Zejmo
NU Hospital, Sweden -
Natalia Łanocha
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
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