Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine (Vet Therapeut)

Publications in this journal

• Article: Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi-Specific C6 Antibody in Dogs Before and After Implementation of a Nonadjuvanted Recombinant Outer Surface Protein A Vaccine in a Rhode Island Small Animal Clinic.

  Daniel Hebert, Andrew Eschner
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  ABSTRACT: A Borrelia burgdorferi antibody screening and vaccination program was established at a 2.5-doctor small animal hospital where no prior program had existed. A commercially available nonadjuvanted recombinant outer surface protein A vaccine was given at day 0, 3 weeks, and 6 months and then yearly based on recommendations by Topfer and Straubinger. Analysis of Lyme-specific serologic results in the hospital's canine patient population over a 33-month period showed that >99% of C6 Lyme antibody-positive dogs had not been immunized, were previously C6 antibody positive, or had not completed the hospital's recommended vaccine protocol. Additionally, the overall seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi C6 antibody decreased in the patient population during the postvaccination period.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(3):E1-9.
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  Available from: vetlearn.com

  Article: Protection against feline leukemia virus challenge for at least 2 years after vaccination with an inactivated feline leukemia virus vaccine.

  Faris Jirjis, Tamara Davis, Jennifer Lane, Kari Carritt, Diane Sweeney, James Williams, Terri Wasmoen
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  ABSTRACT: Twelve cats were vaccinated at 8 and 11 weeks of age with a commercially available inactivated FeLV vaccine (Nobivac FeLV, Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health). Eleven cats served as age-matched, placebo-vaccinated controls. All cats were kept in isolation for 2 years after vaccination and were then challenged with virulent FeLV to evaluate vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity. Cats were monitored for 12 weeks after challenge for development of persistent viremia using a commercial FeLV p27 ELISA. Persistent viremia developed in all 11 (100%) of the control cats, whereas 10 of 12 (83%) vaccinated cats were fully protected from persistent viremia following challenge. The results demonstrate that the vaccine used in this study protects cats from persistent FeLV viremia for at least 2 years after vaccination.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(2):E1-6.
• Article: A noninferiority clinical trial comparing fluconazole and ketoconazole in combination with cephalexin for the treatment of dogs with malassezia dermatitis.

  L Sickafoose, G Hosgood, T Snook, R Westermeyer, S Merchant
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  ABSTRACT: This double-blinded noninferiority clinical trial evaluated the use of oral fluconazole for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs by comparing it with use of an accepted therapeutic agent, ketoconazole. Dogs presenting with Malassezia dermatitis were treated with either fluconazole or ketoconazole in addition to cephalexin for concurrent bacterial dermatitis. Statistically significant improvements in cytologic yeast count, clinical signs associated with Malassezia dermatitis, and pruritus were seen with both antifungal treatments. There was no statistical difference between the treatments with regard to the magnitude of reduction in these parameters. These results suggest that fluconazole is at least as effective as ketoconazole for the treatment of dogs with Malassezia dermatitis.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(2):E1-E13.
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  Available from: vetlearn.com

  Article: Safety and Tolerance of Dietary Supplementation With a Canine-Derived Probiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis Strain AHC7) Fed to Growing Dogs.

  Rl Kelley, Jean Soon Park, Liam O'Mahony, Debbie Minikhiem, Andrew Fix
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  ABSTRACT: Although probiotics are generally considered to be safe, their increasingly widespread use warrants better understanding of their risks in companion animals. This study evaluated the safety and tolerance of dietary supplementation with a canine-derived probiotic, Bifidobacterium animalis strain AHC7 (Prostora, Procter & Gamble Pet Care), fed to growing beagles beginning at approximately 6 months of age (11 males; 9 females). Probiotic B. animalis AHC7 administered orally once per day at a dose of up to 5 x 1010 colony-forming units for at least 12 consecutive weeks was well tolerated with no safety concerns.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(3):E1-E14.
• Article: Treatment of Hepatozoon americanum Infection: Review of the Literature and Experimental Evaluation of Efficacy.

  Kelly Allen, Susan Little, Eileen Johnson, Joe Hostetler, Roger Panciera, Sidney Ewing
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  ABSTRACT: There is no labeled treatment for dogs with American canine hepatozoonosis (ACH), but the drug therapies discussed in this article, although not rapidly curative, may be successful in alleviating acute clinical signs, prolonging life, reducing the number of clinical relapses, and enhancing quality of life. This article also describes a pilot trial conducted to assess the efficacy of a novel treatment approach with ponazuril as a stand-alone parasiticide administered for 4 weeks without follow-up decoquinate treatment. Although extended ponazuril treatment in combination with NSAID administration did ameliorate acute clinical signs associated with ACH, the parasite was not completely cleared with this treatment protocol alone. Long-term decoquinate therapy remains a critical component of successful treatment of ACH.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(4):E1-8.
• Article: Single-dose oral pharmacokinetics of pergolide mesylate in healthy adult mares.

  Ronette Gehring, Laurie Beard, Abra Wright, Johann Coetzee, James Havel, Michael Apley
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  ABSTRACT: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is probably the most common disease of geriatric horses. Affected horses show a variety of clinical signs, including hirsutism, polyuria/polydipsia, immunosuppression, muscle wasting, and laminitis. The most common treatment for PPID is pergolide, a dopamine agonist; however, there are no pharmacokinetic data about the use of this drug in horses. This article describes a study designed to address this complete lack of pharmacokinetic information. The pharmacokinetics of pergolide are described in a small group of relatively young, healthy mares (n = 6), with the objective of generating data on which to base larger studies in the future. To make definitive dosing recommendations to clinicians, more studies will be needed to investigate the relationship between plasma pergolide concentrations and clinical outcomes, as well as the effect of gender, age, and concomitant disease on the absorption and disposition of this drug.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(1):E1-8.
• Article: Pilot immunization of mice infected with an equine strain of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

  Jennifer Gohrman, Mourad Gabriel, N James Maclachlan, Nathan Nieto, Janet Foley, Sharon Spier
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  ABSTRACT: This pilot study evaluated protection of an equine autogenous bacterin-toxoid vaccine against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. Twenty-four BALB/c mice were inoculated with two doses of bacterin-toxoid vaccine or two injections of a placebo. Clinical, microbiologic, and pathologic outcomes were assessed after intradermal infection with one of two equine-origin C. pseudotuberculosis strains. Mice receiving bacterin-toxoid from fast-growing C. pseudotuberculosis showed significant protection from challenge infection, as evidenced by a higher survival rate, fewer gross and histopathologic lesions, and lower bacterial levels on culture. Successful protection via a vaccine against equine internal abscesses might provide supplementary management options against an important, potentially fatal disease.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(1):E1-8.
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  Available from: vetlearn.com

  Article: Evaluation of the potential use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a pilot study.

  M N Hall, W S Rosenkrantz, J H Hong, C E Griffin, C M Mendelsohn
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  ABSTRACT: Stem cells and their potential therapeutic uses in human and veterinary medicine have generated considerable interest. These cells have a number of potentially unique immunologic properties; most notable are their reported regenerative and antiinflammatory capabilities. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravenously administered autogenous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. AD-MSCs administered intravenously at a dose of 1.3 million cells/kg did not significantly reduce the clinical signs of canine atopic dermatitis or the owner-assessed pruritus level.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(2):E1-E14.
• Article: Effects of topical 0.5% levobunolol alone or in association with 2% dorzolamide compared with a fixed combination of 0.5% timolol and 2% dorzolamide on intraocular pressure and heart rate in dogs without glaucoma.

  Alessio Scardillo, Michela Pugliese, Massimo De Majo, Pietro Niutta, Antonio Pugliese
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  ABSTRACT: The goal of glaucoma management is to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and maintain it at a level compatible with the health of the optic nerve. New therapies are constantly being sought. Topical instillation of levobunolol 0.5%, alone or with dorzolamide 2%, has a hypotensive effect on the IOP in healthy dogs, and levobunolol combined with dorzolamide produces a stronger hypotensive effect than the combination of timolol and dorzolamide. All animals tolerate these topical medications well with no signs of discomfort, and no ocular side effects have been observed. Levobunolol, alone or in combination with dorzolamide, induces bradycardia, as does timolol with dorzolamide.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(3):E1-E6s.
• Article: Skin distribution of imidacloprid by microautoradiography after topical administration to beagle dogs.

  Harish Chopade, David Eigenberg, Eric Solon, Paul Strzemienski, Joe Hostetler, Terry McNamara
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  ABSTRACT: To investigate the cutaneous distribution, localization, and persistence of imidacloprid in dogs, Advantage Topical Solution labeled with carbon 14 (14C) was topically applied as a single treatment at label rates and application pattern based on body weight to two adult beagles. One dog (8.5 kg) received 1.0 mL of the test solution at a single spot in the interscapular area (14 mg active ingredient/kg body weight); the second dog (12.3 kg) was treated with 2.5 mL of the test solution at four sites, each site receiving approximately 0.625 mL, along the dorsal thoracic and lumbar spine area (21 mg active ingredient/kg body weight). Samples of hair, skin surface residue, and skin taken from the application sites and/or distal body regions of the dogs at four intervals between 7 and 56 days after treatment demonstrated the migration of 14C radioactivity from the application sites to distal areas of the canine haircoat and skin. The 14C radioactivity concentrations in the skin biopsy and stratum corneum samples diminished steadily over 56 days after treatment. Microautoradiography of the skin showed focal concentrations of radioactivity in the superficial epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. The presence of imidacloprid-derived radioactivity within hair follicles and sebaceous glands and on the skin surface is in good agreement with the reported efficacy of imidacloprid against fleas on dogs and cats for up to 1 month despite posttreatment bathing, shampooing, and/or swimming.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(4):E1-E10.
• Article: Ex vivo viability of canine and feline sarcomas: a pilot study.

  Nicki Green, Dawn Merton Boothe, Annette Smith, Ralph Henderson, Elizabeth Whitley
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  ABSTRACT: Assay-based chemotherapeutic protocols are common in human gynecologic oncology, most notably for patients with ovarian or breast cancer. The current study examines ex vivo incubation conditions necessary for the assessment of sarcomatous tumor response to potential chemotherapeutic drugs. Slices of sarcomatous tumors were incubated in one of two culture media. Viability indices were measured and compared across time and between media. Neither medium was sufficient to support the growth of sarcomatous tumor tissue slices based on the indices studied. It is likely that sarcomatous tumors require a different approach for ex vivo assessment than their epithelial counterparts. Our long-term goal is to incubate tumor slices with chemotherapeutic agents to predict the in vivo tumor response based on the maintenance or loss of slice viability within this system.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(2):E1-E11.
• Article: Efficacy of Tylosin Tartrate on Canine Staphylococcus intermedius Isolates In Vitro.

  Brian Scott, Joel Mortensen, Tricia McKeever, Dawn Logas, Patrick McKeever
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  ABSTRACT: In the past 5 years, the incidence of canine skin infections caused by resistant strains of Staphylococcus (pseud)intermedius has increased. Many older antibiotics are used to treat these infections because the sensitivity can be demonstrated in vitro. Additionally, many of these older drugs are efficacious and unlikely to induce multidrug resistance. More than a decade ago, the antibiotic tylosin tartrate was reported to be efficacious in vitro and in vivo against Staphylococcus intermedius. The purpose of this study was to determine whether S. (pseud)intermedius isolated from untreated pyoderma cases at veterinary referral centers across the United States are sensitive in vitro to this antibiotic. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for tylosin tartrate and other commonly used antibiotics were determined for 103 isolates. Most (82.61%) of the isolates not exposed to antibiotics in the 3 months before submission were sensitive to tylosin tartrate. These findings suggest that tylosin tartrate warrants further study as a first-line option for the treatment of dogs initially presenting with pyoderma.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(3):E1-7.
• Article: Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in a sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel after buccal transmucosal administration in dogs.

  Ursula Krotscheck, Dawn Merton Boothe, Amy Little, Hollis Erb
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  ABSTRACT: Alternatives to intravenous administration of opioids are needed in veterinary medicine. Previous research suggests that opioids can be administered through the buccal mucosa in dogs. This study reports the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine HCl (0.05 mg/kg) administered transmucosally in six dogs compared with those of buprenorphine HCl (0.015 mg/kg) administered intravenously. The results suggest that the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine HCl administered intravenously or transmucosally are similar and that transmucosal administration may be considered as a noninvasive alternative to intravenous administration.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(3):E1-8.
• Article: Hemodynamic effects of an intravenous infusion of medetomidine at six different dose regimens in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

  Johanna Kaartinen, Daniel Pang, Maxim Moreau, Outi Vainio, Francis Beaudry, Jerome Del Castillo, Leigh Lamont, Sophie Cuvelliez, Eric Troncy
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  ABSTRACT: This study investigated the dose dependency of the hemodynamic effects of IV medetomidine (MED) constant-rate infusion (CRI) during isoflurane anesthesia. Twenty-four healthy beagles randomly received one of six MED CRI regimens. A loading dose of MED was administered IV at 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.7, 4.0, or 12.0 ug/kg-1 for 10 minutes, followed by a maintenance CRI providing identical dose amounts over 60 minutes. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded, blood gases were analyzed, and cardiac index (CI) was determined. Statistical analysis involved a repeated measures linear model. Baseline CI demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease as the MED dose increased, with decreases of 14.9% (SD, 12.7%), 21.7% (17.9%), 27.1% (13.2%), 44.2% (9.7%), 47.9% (8.1%), and 61.2% (14.1%) at doses of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.7, 4.0, and 12.0 ug/kg-1, respectively. The four lowest doses induced limited and transient changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and CI. Further investigation into potential perioperative uses of MED CRI is warranted.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2010; 11(1):E1-E16.
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  Available from: vetlearn.com

  Article: Effect of refrigeration of the antiemetic Cerenia (maropitant) on pain on injection.

  Sunil Thomas Narishetty, Betsy Galvan, Eileen Coscarelli, Michelle Aleo, Tim Fleck, William Humphrey, Robert B McCall
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  ABSTRACT: Injection pain has been associated with veterinary use of the antiemetic maropitant (Cerenia, Pfizer Animal Health). Cerenia is formulated using sulphobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin to bind maropitant and mitigate injection pain. The objective of this study was to determine whether the temperature of Cerenia alters binding between maropitant and sulphobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin and affects injection pain. Binding decreased as temperature increased, and Cerenia-elicited injection pain increased at warmer drug temperatures. These data suggest that the amount of free unbound maropitant increases with temperature and that injection pain increases with temperature in a similar fashion. Clinically, these studies suggest that injection of refrigerated Cerenia may significantly reduce or eliminate pain associated with SC injection of Cerenia.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2009; 10(3):93-102.
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  Article: Detection of feline panleukopenia virus using a commercial ELISA for canine parvovirus.

  Mohamed Abd-Eldaim, Melissa Beall, Melissa Kennedy
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  ABSTRACT: Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a significant pathogen of cats. Rapid virus detection is critical for treatment and management, especially in populations in which spread may occur. This study investigated the ability of the SNAP Canine Parvovirus Antigen Test Kit (SNAP Parvo, IDEXX Laboratories) to detect FPV with confirmation of viral identity by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and genetic sequencing on fecal samples (n = 97) from cats with suspected FPV infection. Fifty-five samples were positive by SNAP Parvo; 54 of 55 were also positive by conventional PCR assay and were identified as FPV by genetic sequencing. This study demonstrates that SNAP Parvo can detect FPV in clinical samples.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2009; 10(4):E1-6.
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  Available from: vetlearn.com

  Article: In vitro susceptibility of ceftiofur against Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus and subsp equi isolated from horses with lower respiratory disease in Europe since 2002.

  Donald Bade, Ellen Portis, Caroline Keane, John Hallberg, Lawrence Bryson, Mike Sweeney, Pamela Boner
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  ABSTRACT: In vitro activity of ceftiofur and six other antimicrobial agents was evaluated against 79 Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus isolates collected from horses with respiratory disease in Europe during 2007 and 2008. In addition, the in vitro activity of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial drugs was assessed against 59 S. equi subsp zooepidemicus and 49 S. equi subsp equi isolates collected by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Europe from 2002 to 2006. The lowest concentration of ceftiofur that inhibited the growth of 90% of the isolates (MIC90) was 0.12 microg/ml, with the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute-approved susceptible breakpoint set at =0.25 microg/ml for ceftiofur against S. equi subsp zooepidemicus. The MIC90 values remained consistent when comparing the isolates collected from diagnostic laboratories or from the field study.
  Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine 01/2009; 10(4):E1-E10.