American Journal of Kidney Diseases (Am J Kidney Dis)

Publications in this journal

• Article: Prognostic Importance of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in CKD Stages 3-4 in a Clinical Population.

  Jonathan J Taliercio, Jesse D Schold, James F Simon, Susana Arrigain, Anne Tang, Georges Saab, Joseph V Nally, Sankar D Navaneethan
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  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Elevated total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels have been associated with mortality in the general population and in dialysis patients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 28,678 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3 and 4 (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 15-59 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) were identified using the Cleveland Clinic CKD Registry. CKD was defined as 2 estimated glomerular filtration rate values <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) drawn more than 90 days apart using the CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) creatinine equation. PREDICTOR: ALP levels measured using the calorimetric assay were examined as quartiles (quartile [Q]1, <66 U/L; Q2, 66-81 U/L; Q3, 82-101 U/L; and Q4, ≥102 U/L) and as a continuous measure. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: All-cause mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were ascertained using the Social Security Death Index and US Renal Data System. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 2.2 years, 588 patients progressed to ESRD and 4,755 died. There was a graded increase in risk of mortality with higher ALP quartiles (Q2, Q3, and Q4) compared to the reference quartile (Q1) after adjusting for demographics, comorbid conditions, use of relevant medications, and liver function test results. The highest ALP quartile was associated with an HR for ESRD of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.09-1.76). Each 1-SD (42.7 U/L) higher ALP level was associated with 15% (95% CI, 1.09-1.22) and 16% (95% CI, 1.14-1.18) increased risk of ESRD and mortality, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Single-center observational study; lack of complete data, including parathyroid hormone level, for all study participants, and attrition bias. CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum ALP levels in patients with CKD stages 3-4 were associated independently with all-cause mortality and ESRD.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Gastrointestinal Phosphate Handling in CKD and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease.

  Edward J Weinman, Paul D Light, Wadi N Suki
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  ABSTRACT: Increases in serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and ultimately phosphate and decreases in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level are thought to play a central role in the progressive nature of kidney disease and the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. The initial changes in PTH and FGF-23 levels are adaptive to maintain serum phosphate concentration and phosphate load within defined levels by increasing urinary excretion of phosphate. Less well appreciated is the unanticipated finding that absorption of phosphate from the gastrointestinal tract is not downregulated in chronic kidney disease. This maladaptive response maintains higher levels of phosphate absorption, thereby contributing to the phosphate burden. Moreover, in response to a low-phosphate diet, as often is prescribed to such patients, gut phosphate absorption may be enhanced, undermining the potential beneficial effects of this intervention. Given the poor response to limiting phosphate intake and the use of phosphate binders, we suggest that research efforts be oriented toward better understanding of the factors that affect phosphate absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and the development of agents that directly inhibit phosphate transporters in the small intestine and/or their associated binding proteins.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Endothelin Receptor Antagonism-Based Treatment for Scleroderma Renal Crisis.

  Hassane Izzedine, Philippe Rouvier, Gilbert Deray
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: CKD and Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: Interactions With Age, Sex, and Race.

  Xuan Hui, Kunihiro Matsushita, Yingying Sang, Shoshana H Ballew, Tibor Fülöp, Josef Coresh
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  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are central for diagnosis, staging, and risk evaluation in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Universal thresholds regardless of age, sex, and race are recommended, but relatively little is known about how these demographic factors alter the relationship of eGFR and albuminuria to cardiovascular outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 11,060 whites and blacks aged 52-75 years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study with median follow-up of 11.2 years. PREDICTORS: eGFR by the CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) creatinine equation (reference, 95 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR; reference, 5 mg/g). OUTCOMES: Cardiovascular events (coronary disease, stroke, and heart failure) and all-cause mortality. MEASUREMENTS: Adjusted HRs associated with eGFR and ACR in subgroups according to age, sex, and race. RESULTS: Cardiovascular risk significantly increased at eGFR <70 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in all subgroups according to age (<65 vs ≥65 years), sex, and race (P for interaction >0.2 for these subgroups; eg, at eGFR of 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2), the adjusted HR was 2.19 [95% CI, 1.10-4.35] at age 52-64 years vs 2.23 [95% CI, 1.33-3.72] at age 65-75 years). Results were similar for mortality. Log(ACR) was associated linearly with cardiovascular risk without threshold effects in all subgroups, with some quantitative interactions. HRs according to ACR tended to be lower in men versus women (eg, at ACR of 40 mg/g, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.98-1.41] vs 1.77 [95% CI, 1.45-2.15]) and in the older versus younger population (1.24 [95% CI, 1.04-1.49] vs 1.73 [95% CI, 1.42-2.12]; P for interaction <0.01 for sex and age). Less evident interactions were observed for mortality. LIMITATIONS: Single measurement of eGFR with creatinine and ACR and relatively narrow age range. CONCLUSIONS: The associations of eGFR and ACR with cardiovascular events were largely similar, with some quantitative interactions, in age, sex, and racial subgroups, generally supporting universal thresholds of GFR and ACR for CKD definition/staging.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: The Initial Impact of Medicare's New Prospective Payment System for Kidney Dialysis.

  Richard A Hirth, Marc N Turenne, John R C Wheeler, Tammie A Nahra, Kathryn K Sleeman, Wei Zhang, Joseph A Messana
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  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Medicare implemented a new prospective payment system (PPS) on January 1, 2011. This PPS covers an expanded bundle of services, including services previously paid on a fee-for-service basis. The objectives of the new PPS include more efficient decisions about treatment service combinations and modality choice. METHODS: Primary data for this study are Medicare claims files for all dialysis patients for whom Medicare is the primary payer. We compare use of key injectable medications under the bundled PPS to use when those drugs were separately billable and examine variability across providers. We also compare each patient's dialysis modality before and after the PPS. RESULTS: Use of relatively expensive drugs, including erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, declined substantially after institution of the new PPS, whereas use of iron products, often therapeutic substitutes for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, increased. Less expensive vitamin D products were substituted for more expensive types. Drug spending overall decreased by ∼$25 per session, or about 5 times the mandated reduction in the base payment rate of ∼$5. Use of peritoneal dialysis increased in 2011 after being nearly flat in the years prior to the PPS, with the increase concentrated in patients in their first or second year of dialysis. Home hemodialysis continued to increase as a percentage of total dialysis services, but at a rate similar to the pre-PPS trend. CONCLUSION: The expanded bundle dialysis PPS provided incentives for the use of lower cost therapies. These incentives seem to have motivated dialysis providers to move toward lower cost methods of care in both their use of drugs and choice of modalities.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Phosphate Homeostasis in CKD: Report of a Scientific Symposium Sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation.

  Geoffrey A Block, Joachim H Ix, Markus Ketteler, Kevin J Martin, Ravi I Thadhani, Marcello Tonelli, Myles Wolf, Harald Jüppner, Keith Hruska, David C Wheeler
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  ABSTRACT: Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder is associated with diverse metabolic and endocrine disturbances that ultimately may contribute to further loss of kidney function, bone demineralization, and fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of the events that unfold during the development of this disorder suggest that disturbances in phosphate metabolism are pivotal. The consequences of abnormal phosphate homeostasis are evident at estimated glomerular filtration rates <70 mL/min/1.73 m(2), long before serum phosphate levels increase. Healthy individuals with blood phosphate levels in the top quartile of the normal range have an increased risk of developing CKD, reaching end-stage renal disease, and experiencing cardiovascular events. Substantial public health consequences may be related to increased dietary phosphorus exposure from additives that contain phosphate in the food supply and from modest increases in serum phosphate levels; however, it remains to be established whether interventions aimed at these targets can impact on the development of adverse clinical outcomes. Current approaches involving dietary intervention and intestinal phosphate binders are based on principles and assumptions that need to be examined more rigorously. Compelling animal, observational, and clinical data indicate that interventions directed at lowering phosphate exposure and serum phosphate levels should be subject to rigorous clinical trials that use appropriate placebo comparators and focus on key clinical outcomes, such as cardiovascular events, progression of CKD, fractures, quality of life, and mortality.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Peritoneal Dialysis-First Policy Made Successful: Perspectives and Actions.

  Philip Kam-Tao Li, Kai Ming Chow
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  ABSTRACT: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) represents an important but underused strategy for patients who are beginning dialysis treatment worldwide. The development of a health care model that encourages increased use of PD is hampered by a lack of expertise and absence of pragmatic strategies. This article provides a brief review of a PD-first initiative that was implemented in Hong Kong more than 25 years ago and issues related to this policy. Clinical studies and research by the authors' and other teams around the world have shown evidence that, as a home-based dialysis therapy, PD can improve patient survival, retain residual kidney function, lower infection risk, and increase patient satisfaction while reducing financial stress to governments by addressing the burden of managing the growing number of patients with end-stage renal disease. Achieving a successful PD-first policy requires understanding inherent patient factors, selecting patients carefully, and improving technique-related factors by training physicians, nurses, patients, and caregivers better. Dialysis centers have the important role of fostering expertise and experience in PD patient management. Dialysis reimbursement policy also can be helpful in providing sufficient incentives for choosing PD. However, despite successes in improving patient survival, PD treatment has limitations, notably the shortcoming of technique failure. Potential strategies to and challenges of implementing a PD-first policy globally are discussed in this review. We highlight 3 important elements of a successful PD-first program: nephrologist experience and expertise, peritoneal dialysis catheter access, and psychosocial support for PD patients.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Efficacy and Safety of Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b and Ribavirin Combination Therapy Versus Pegylated Interferon Monotherapy in Hemodialysis Patients: A Comparison of 2 Sequentially Treated Cohorts.

  Po-Lin Tseng, Te-Chuan Chen, Yu-Shu Chien, Chao-Hung Hung, Yi-Hao Yen, Kuo-Chin Chang, Ming-Chao Tsai, Ming-Tsung Lin, Chien-Te Lee, Chien-Heng Shen, Tsung-Hui Hu
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  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Pegylated interferon (peginterferon; interferon with an attached polyethylene glycol molecule) monotherapy is the recommended treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis patients. Limited data concerning peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin treatment in this population are available. STUDY DESIGN: 2 prospective observational cohort studies. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: From 2007-2009, a total of 26 patients received peginterferon alfa-2b monotherapy. From 2009-2012, an additional 26 patients were treated with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin. PREDICTORS: Peginterferon alfa-2b monotherapy, 1.0 μg/kg/wk, versus peginterferon alfa-2b, 1.0 μg/kg/wk, and ribavirin, 200 mg, 3 times per week. Treatment durations were 24 and 48 weeks for HCV genotypes non-1 and 1, respectively. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: End-of-treatment virologic response and sustained virologic response (SVR) were undetectable HCV RNA at the end of treatment and 24 weeks after treatment ended, respectively. SVR and treatment-related withdrawal rate were evaluated by intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses. Severe anemia was defined as nadir hemoglobin level <8 g/dL. RESULTS: Patients who received combination therapy had a higher end-of-treatment virologic response than patients who received monotherapy (85% vs 62% in ITT [P = 0.03] and 100% vs 80% in PP [P = 0.03]). The SVR rate was higher in the combination-treatment cohort than in the monotherapy cohort (62% vs 27% in ITT [P = 0.01] and 73% vs 35% in PP [P = 0.01]). Patients who received combination therapy had a significantly higher rate of severe anemia than those who received monotherapy (58% vs 27%; P = 0.03). However, treatment withdrawal rates were similar between the combination (15%) and monotherapy (23%) groups. LIMITATIONS: Comparison of 2 sequential cohorts rather than a randomized control study. CONCLUSIONS: Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin combination therapy provided a higher SVR rate than peginterferon alfa-2b monotherapy for treatment-naive dialysis patients with chronic HCV infection through careful monitoring of hematologic parameters and ribavirin dose modification. Severe anemia was significantly higher in patients receiving combination therapy than patients treated with monotherapy.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Correlation of Pre-existing Vascular Pathology With Arteriovenous Graft Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients.

  Michael Allon, Silvio Litovsky, Carlton J Young, Mark H Deierhoi, Jeremy Goodman, Michael Hanaway, Mark E Lockhart, Michelle L Robbin
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  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) are prone to neointimal hyperplasia leading to AVG failure. We hypothesized that pre-existing pathologic abnormalities of the vessels used to create AVGs (including venous intimal hyperplasia, arterial intimal hyperplasia, arterial medial fibrosis, and arterial calcification) are associated with inferior AVG survival. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing placement of a new AVG at a large medical center who had vascular specimens obtained at the time of surgery (n = 76). PREDICTOR: Maximal intimal thickness of the arterial and venous intima, arterial medial fibrosis, and arterial medial calcification. OUTCOME & MEASUREMENTS: Unassisted primary AVG survival (time to first intervention) and frequency of AVG interventions. RESULTS: 55 patients (72%) underwent interventions and 148 graft interventions occurred during 89.9 years of follow-up (1.65 interventions per graft-year). Unassisted primary AVG survival was not associated significantly with arterial intimal thickness (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.40-1.27; P = 0.3), venous intimal thickness (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.37-1.10; P = 0.1), severe arterial medial fibrosis (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.32-1.06; P = 0.6), or severe arterial calcification (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.37-1.31; P = 0.3). The frequency of AVG interventions per year was associated inversely with arterial intimal thickness (relative risk [RR], 1.99; 95% CI, 1.16-3.42; P < 0.001 for thickness <10 vs >25 μm), venous intimal thickness (RR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.39-3.20; P < 0.001 for thickness <5 vs >10 μm), arterial medial fibrosis (RR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.96-5.13; P < 0.001 for fibrosis <70% vs ≥70%), and arterial calcification (RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.31-3.43; P = 0.001 for <10% vs ≥10% calcification). LIMITATIONS: Single-center study. Study may be underpowered to demonstrate differences in unassisted primary AVG survival. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing vascular pathologic abnormalities in patients with chronic kidney disease may not be associated significantly with unassisted primary AVG survival. However, vascular intimal hyperplasia, arterial medial fibrosis, and arterial calcification may be associated with a decreased frequency of AVG interventions.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Atrial Fibrillation in CKD: Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Anticoagulation.

  Khai P Ng, Nicola C Edwards, Gregory Y H Lip, Jonathan N Townend, Charles J Ferro
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  ABSTRACT: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation are common conditions that often coexist and are associated with increased risk of stroke. Despite the wealth of evidence for optimal management of atrial fibrillation in the general population, the role of anticoagulation with warfarin in individuals with CKD with atrial fibrillation is far less well defined. Current recommendations for anticoagulation in patients treated with dialysis and those with an earlier stage of CKD are based on clinical trials in the general atrial fibrillation population that have largely excluded individuals with CKD. Observational studies of anticoagulation in dialysis patients have produced conflicting results, mainly because of increased risk of bleeding. This, together with warfarin's potential adverse effects on ectopic/vascular calcification and progression of CKD, may result in negating the benefits associated with anticoagulation in the general population. With the recent emergence of novel oral anticoagulants, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the complex inter-relationship among CKD, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and bleeding risk. This knowledge is paramount to optimize the potential benefits of treatment and minimize the potential harms in this very high-risk and growing population.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Type B Lactic Acidosis Associated With Multiple Myeloma.

  Patrick Sia, Troy J Plumb, Jennifer A Fillaus
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  ABSTRACT: We present a 58-year-old man with recurrent multiple myeloma treated with 2 autologous stem cell transplantations. He was admitted for dyspnea and found to have severe type B lactic acidosis with serum lactate level of 193.6 mg/dL. This case reviews malignancy-associated type B lactic acidosis and discusses its etiology, pathogenesis, and management.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Long-term Kidney Disease Outcomes in Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis: A Case Series of 27 Patients.

  Vincent Javaugue, Alexandre Karras, François Glowacki, Brigitte McGregor, Corinne Lacombe, Jean-Michel Goujon, Stéphanie Ragot, Pierre Aucouturier, Guy Touchard, Frank Bridoux
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  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Fibrillary glomerulonephritis (GN) is a rare disorder with poor renal prognosis. Therapeutic strategies, particularly the use of immunosuppressive drugs, are debated. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 27 adults with fibrillary GN referred to 15 nephrology departments in France between 1990 and 2011 were included. All patients were given renin-angiotensin system blockers and 13 received immunosuppressive therapy, including rituximab (7 patients) and cyclophosphamide (3 patients). OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: Clinical and histologic features of patients and kidney disease outcome. Renal response was defined as a >50% decrease in 24-hour proteinuria with <15% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). RESULTS: All patients presented with proteinuria, associated with nephrotic syndrome (41%), hematuria (73%), and hypertension (70%). Baseline median eGFR was 49 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Eight patients had a history of autoimmune disease and none had evidence of hematologic malignancy during follow-up. Light microscopic studies showed mesangial GN (70%), predominant pattern of membranous GN (19%), or membranoproliferative GN (11%). By immunofluorescence, immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposits (IgG4, 15/15; IgG1, 9/15) were polyclonal in 25 cases. Serum IgG subclass distribution was normal in the 6 patients tested. After a median 46-month follow-up, renal response occurred in 6 of 13 patients who received immunosuppressive therapy with rituximab (5 patients) or cyclophosphamide (1 patient). Of these, 5 had a mesangial or membranous light microscopic pattern, and median eGFR before therapy was 76 mL/min/1.73 m(2). In contrast, chronic kidney disease progressed in 12 of 14 patients who were not given immunosuppressive therapy, 10 of whom reached end-stage renal disease. LIMITATIONS: Number of patients, retrospective study, use of multiple immunosuppressive regimens. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic approach in fibrillary GN remains challenging. The place of immunosuppressive therapy, particularly anti-B-cell agents, needs to be assessed in larger collaborative studies.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Variability of Predialytic, Intradialytic, and Postdialytic Blood Pressures in the Course of a Week: A Study of Dutch and US Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.

  Johanna Kuipers, Len A Usvyat, Jurjen K Oosterhuis, Judith J Dasselaar, Paul E de Jong, Ralf Westerhuis, Jeffrey J Sands, Yuedong Wang, Peter Kotanko, Casper F M Franssen
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  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Patients with thrice-weekly hemodialysis have higher predialysis weights and ultrafiltration rates at the first compared with subsequent dialysis sessions of the week. We hypothesized that these variations in weight and ultrafiltration rate are associated with a systematic difference in blood pressure. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: During 3 months, we prospectively collected hemodynamic data for 4,007 hemodialysis sessions involving 124 Dutch patients. A similar analysis was performed with 789 US patients, comprising 6,060 hemodialysis sessions. FACTOR: First versus subsequent hemodialysis sessions of the week. OUTCOMES: Blood pressure. MEASUREMENTS: Blood pressure, weight, and ultrafiltration rate were analyzed separately for the first, second, and third dialysis sessions of the week. Comparisons were made with linear mixed models. RESULTS: In Dutch patients, predialysis weight and ultrafiltration rate were significantly greater at the first compared with subsequent hemodialysis sessions of the week (P < 0.001). Predialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher at the first than at subsequent sessions of the week (P < 0.001). Predialysis blood pressure differences persisted throughout the session: systolic and diastolic blood pressures were on average 5.0 and 2.5 mm Hg higher during the first compared to the third session of the week. Postdialysis blood pressures followed a similar pattern (P < 0.001). Blood pressure differences between the first and subsequent days of the week persisted after adjustment for possible confounders. Results in the US cohort were materially identical despite differences in patient characteristics and treatment practice between the 2 cohorts. LIMITATIONS: Dry weight was not assessed by objective methods. CONCLUSIONS: Blood pressure of patients on a thrice-weekly dialysis schedule varies systematically over the week. Predialysis blood pressure is highest at the first hemodialysis session of the week, most likely due to greater interdialytic weight gain. Intra- and postdialytic blood pressures also are highest at the first session of the week despite higher ultrafiltration rates.
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013;
• Article: Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease Traits-Pleiotropic or Just Polygenic?

  Madhumathi Rao
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013; 61(6):851-854.
• Article: Quiz Page JUNE 2013: Graft Dysfunction After Kidney Transplantation in an Adolescent.

  Badria Al Ghaithi, Siew-Le Chong, Reham Al Mardini, Seetha Radhakrishnan, Rohan John, Lisa A Robinson
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013; 61(6):A22-A25.
• Article: Relationship Between Retinopathy and Cognitive Impairment May Be Confounded by Visual Impairment.

  Janine Farragher, Sarbjit Vanita Jassal
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013; 61(6):1042.
• Article: Dialysis Bundling and Small Dialysis Organizations: A Call for Close Monitoring.

  Yelena Slinin, Areef Ishani
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013; 61(6):858-860.
• Article: α-Klotho and Kidney Function Decline: An Important Step Forward in Understanding the Link Between Mineral Metabolism and Kidney Disease Progression.

  Orlando M Gutiérrez, Joachim H Ix
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013; 61(6):855-857.
• Article: In Reply to 'Understanding Hypernatremia' and 'Thiazides for Hypervolemic Hypernatremia: A Valid Therapeutic Strategy?'

  Barry M Wall, Elvira O Gosmanova
  American Journal of Kidney Diseases 06/2013; 61(6):1041-1042.