Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology

Publications in this journal

• Article: Introduction to the China Jellyfish Project

  Xiaoxia Sun, Shiwei Wang, Song Sun
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(2):491-492.
• Article: Storm surge disaster evaluation model based on an artificial neural network

  Fang Ji, Yijun Hou
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Back propagation is employed to forecast the current of a storm with various characteristics of storm surge; the technique is thus important in disaster forecasting. One of the most fuzzy types of information in the prediction of geological calamity is handled employing the information diffusion method. First, a single-step prediction model and neural network prediction model are employed to collect influential information used to predict the extreme tide level. Second, information is obtained using the information diffusion method, which improves the precision of risk recognition when there is insufficient information. Experiments demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper is simple and effective and provides better forecast results than other methods. Future work will focus on a more precise forecast model. Keywordstorm surge–information diffusion–neural network prediction model–extreme tide level–risk
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(5):1142-1146.
• Article: Environmental capacity of chemical oxygen demand in the Bohai Sea: modeling and calculation

  Xixi Zhao, Xiulin Wang, Xiaoyong Shi, Keqiang Li, Dongsheng Ding
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: A three-dimensional advection-diffusion model coupled with the degradation process is established for describing the transport of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Comparison of the simulated distribution of COD at the surface in the Bohai Sea in August, 2001 with field observations, shows that the model simulates the dataset reasonably well. The Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay, and Liaodong Bay were contaminated heavily near shore. Based on the optimal discharge flux method, the Environmental Capacity (EC) and allocated capacities of COD in the Bohai Sea are calculated. For seawater of Grades I to IV of the Chinese National Standard, the ECs of COD in the Bohai Sea were 77×104 t/a, 116×104 t/a, 154×104 t/a and 193×104 t/a, respectively. The Huanghe (Yellow) River pollutant discharge accounted for the largest percentage of COD at 14.3%, followed by that of from the Liugu River (11.5%), and other nine local rivers below 10%. The COD level in 2005 was worse than that of Grade II seawater and was beyond the environmental capacity. In average, 35% COD reduction is called to meet the standard of Grade I seawater. KeywordBohai Sea–environmental capacity (EC)–chemical oxygen demand (COD)–degradation process
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(1):46-52.
• Article: Seismic sequence and depositional evolution of slope basins in mid-northern margin of the South China Sea

  Mingbi Li, Xianglong Jin, Jiabiao Li, Weiwei Ding, Yinxia Fang, Jianhua Liu, Yong Tang
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: As one of the biggest marginal seas in the western Pacific margin, the South China Sea (SCS) experienced continental rifting and seafloor spreading during the Cenozoic. The northern continental margin of the SCS is classified as a passive continental margin. However, its depositional and structural evolution remains controversial, especially in the deep slope area. The lack of data hindered the correlation between continental shelf and oceanic basin, and prevented the establishment of sequence stratigraphic frame of the whole margin. The slope basins in the mid-northern margin of SCS developed in the Cenozoic; the sediments and basin infill recorded the geological history of the continental margin and the SCS spreading. Using multi-channel seismic dataset acquired in three survey cruises during 1987 to 2004, combined with the data of ODP Leg 184 core and industrial wells, we carried out the sequence stratigraphic division and correlation of the Cenozoic in the middle-northern margin of SCS with seismic profiles and sedimentary facies. We interpreted the seismic reflection properties including continuity, amplitude, frequency, reflection terminals, and 15 sequence boundaries of the Cenozoic in the study area, and correlated the well data in geological age. The depositional environment changed from river and lake, shallow bay to open-deep sea, in correspondence to tectonic events of syn-rifting, early drifting, and late drifting stages of basin evolution. Keywordseismic sequence–depositional evolution–slope basins–South China Sea
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(5):1113-1127.
• Article: Observation of material fluxes through the Luzon Strait

  Qingxuan Yang, Jiwei Tian, Wei Zhao
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Based on field observations carried out in August, 2008, we obtained a set of data on velocity, hydrography, and hydrochemistry in the Luzon Strait, with which the velocity structure of the area, especially in deep channels, was analyzed, and the material fluxes, including water, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients were calculated. The results indicate that a net eastward water flux of 7.0 Sv occurred through the Luzon Strait. The deep layer flux in the southern part, through the deep channel, was westward with a value of 1.9 Sv, which confirms that deep Pacific water flows into the South China Sea via the deep passage in the Luzon Strait. Accordingly, the net flux of dissolved oxygen was 13.2×105 mol/s, and the values for dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate were 4.6×104 mol/s, 2.4×103 mol/s, and 8.9×104 mol/s, respectively. Detailed descriptions of these material fluxes in the upper layer, the upper-intermediate layer, the lower-intermediate layer, and the deep layer through the Luzon Strait are discussed. These results and interpretations highlight the importance of material exchanges between the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Keywordmaterial fluxes–Luzon Strait–flow patterns
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(1):26-32.
• Article: Sedimentary response to volcanic activity in the Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation

  Fuqing Jiang, Anchun Li, Tiegang Li
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: To investigate the relationship between volcanic activity and sediment record on regional and temporal scales, 158 surface sediment samples were collected from the East China Sea Shelf to the northern Okinawa Trough (OT), and two cores recovered in the northern and southern OT, respectively. Mineralogy, grain-size, and geochemical analyses of those samples show that: 1) volcanic glass, volcanic-type pyroxene, hypersthenes, and magnetite increase in sediment influenced by volcanic activity; 2) sediment grain sizes (and also silt content) increase in ash layers; and 3) the contents of Na2O and Zr are higher, while terrigenous elements, e.g., TFe2O3 and K2O, and biogenous compositions, e.g., CaO and Sr, are relatively lower in ash layers than those of non-ash layers. The distribution of volcanic ash has three distinguishing characteristics: 1) volcanic ash is more abundant in the northern and central OT than the southern OT; 2) volcanic ash increases from continental shelf to the trough; 3) the sediment during the last 12 000 a suggests stronger volcanic events than during 15 000–12 000 a. The eruptive locations, frequency, and volume of calderas are among the most important factors controlling the distributions of volcanic ash. In addition, the main Kuroshio warm current that extends northward probably impeded the diffusion of volcanic ash to the west and south in the OT. However, a southward current probably carried some volcanic ash toward southern OT.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 28(1):171-182.
• Article: Description of the biology of Caspian vimba, Vimba vimba (Linnaeus, 1758), in Gorgan Bay-Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge (southeast Caspian Sea)

  Rahman Patimar, Sajjad Safari
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: We collected Vimba vimba throughout the spawning season (mid April to mid June, 2007) in Gorgan Bay (south-western Iran) and investigated its age, growth, and reproductive traits. The maximum age was 5+ years. Both sexes grew allometrically (positive for males: b=3.140 9 and negative for females: b=2.791 4). The von Bertalanffy growth functions were described by the formulae L t =32.565(1-e−0.184(t+0.530)) for males and L t =35.950(1-e−0.179(t+0.529)) for females. The overall sex ratio was balanced, but males were predominant in the smaller size classes and females in the larger size classes. Based on the gonadosomatic index (GSI) values, spawning appears to occur between late April and late May in the bay. The highest mean GSI was 6.44 for males in early May and 20.36 for females in late April. Absolute fecundity varies from the minimum of 5 436 eggs for age 3+ fish to the maximum of 36 141 eggs for age 5+ fish. Fecundity was also positively correlated with fish size (length and weight). Egg diameter ranged from 1.05 to 1.70 mm in the mean of 1.42 mm. There was no correlation between female size and ova diameter. Keyword Vimba vimba -age-growth-reproduction-Gorgan Bay-Iran
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 28(6):1173-1179.
• Article: Solar light, seawater temperature, and nutrients, which one is more important in affecting phytoplankton growth?

  Zhenqing Miao, Dongfang Yang
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Based on research results on the impacts of solar light, seawater temperature, and nutrient available to phytoplankton growth and changes in phytoplankton physiology and assemblage, we discussed the order of influence of these factors. By clarifying the mechanisms and processes of the impacts by these factors, we have determined the rising order of the importance as solar light, seawater temperature, and nutrient silicon (Si). Therefore, for human interests in sustaining economic development, the first thing to be considered is the input of nutrient Si into the ocean, followed by seawater temperature change.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 27(4):825-831.
• Article: Statistical analysis of surface hydrography and circulation variations in northern South China Sea

  Wu Lingjuan, Cui Maochang
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: To study the variations in surface hydrography and circulation in northern South China Sea (NSCS), rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) and extended associate pattern analysis (EAPA) are used with daily sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) datasets covering 1 126 days from American Navy Experimental Real-Time East Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast System in this paper. Results show that in summer, the SCS Diluted Water Expansion (SDWE) is the most dominant factor controlling SSS variations in the NSCS. The remarkable SDWE usually begins in early July, reaches its maximum in middle August and weakens in late September. In summer fluorishing period, its low saline core is just limited between 21°N and 22°N because of strong surface anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the NSCS. In early or late stage, the anomalous anticyclonic circulation becomes weak or turns into cyclonic one, thus the weak SCS diluted water can disperse. And its influence on the SSS variations has obviously decreased. The Kuroshio intrusion is the second controlling factor, and it has the almost opposite seasonal or intraseasonal oscillations and spatial characteristics to the SDWE. Winter Kuroshio Intrusion (WKI) begins in early November and lasts about three months. Intraseasonal Kuroshio Intrusion (IKI) takes place at any seasons. The westward Ekman transport produced by the north anomaly of East Asia Monsoon (EAM) pushes warmer and more saline seawater into the NSCS through the Bashi Strait and seems to decide the intensity of seasonal and intraseasonal Kuroshio intrusions.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 23(4):383-392.
• Article: Seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the surface Taiwan Warm Current

  Cui Maochang, Hu Dunxin, Wu Lingjuan
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: To study seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) in detail, Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) and Extended Associate Pattern Analysis (EAPA) are jointly adopted with daily sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) datasets covering 1126 days from American Navy Experimental Real-Time East Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast System in the present paper. Results show that the first and second REOFs of SST in the southern East China Sea (SECS) account for 50.8% and 39.8% of the total variance. The surface TWC contains persistent (multi-year mean), seasonal and intraseasonal components. The persistent one mainly inosculates with the Kuroshio but the seasonal and intraseasonal ones are usually active only on the continental shelf. Its persistent component is produced by inertial flow of the Kuroshio, however its seasonal and intraseasonal ones seems coming from seasonal and intraseasonal oscillations of monsoon force. The seasonal one reaches its maximum in late summer, lasting about four months and the intraseasonal one takes place at any seasons, lasting more than 40 days.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 22(3):271-277.
• Article: Upwelling and sedimentation dynamics III: Coincidence of upwelling areas with mud patches in north hemisphere shelf seas

  Pang Chong-guang, Hu Dun-xin
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: The determinant role of upwelling in fine sediment patches is examined from the viewpoints of physical process and biological process respectively. It is pointed out that physical and biological processes are usually coexistent and interact with each other during the sedimentation of suspended matters. This study used available figures showing the circulation pattern and surface sediment distribution in the whole China Seas, the Gulf of Maine, the Irish Sea and the North Sea, and additional data to verify that wherever upwelling exists on the continental shelf, mud must occur; and that wherever downwelling occurs, coarse sediment substitutes for mud.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 20(2):101-106.
• Article: Coupled physical-ecological modelling in the central part of Jiaozhou Bay II. Coupled with an ecological model

  Cui Mao-chang, Zhu Hai
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Sharples' 1-D physical model employing tide-wind driven turbulence closure and surface heating-cooling physics, was coupled with an ecological model with 9-biochemical components: phytoplankton, zooplankton, shellfish, autotrophic and heterotrophic bacterioplankton, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), suspended detritus and sinking particles to simulate the annual evolution of ecosystem in the central part of Jiaozhou Bay. The coupled modeling results showed that the phytoplankton shading effect could reduce seawater temperature by 2°C, so that photosynthesis efficiency should be less than 8%; that the loss of phytoplankton by zooplankton grazing in winter tended to be compensated by phytoplankton advection and diffusion from the outside of the Bay; that the incident irradiance intensity could be the most important factor for phytoplankton growth rate; and that it was the bacterial secondary production that maintained the maximum zooplankton biomass in winter usually observed in the 1990s, indicating that the microbial food loop was extremely important for ecosystem study of Jiaozhou Bay.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 19(1):21-28.
• Article: Water exchange and circulation structure near the Luzon Strait in early summer

  Gengxin Chen, Yijun Hou, Xiaoqing Chu
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Using hydrographic data covering large areas of ocean for the period from June 21 to July 5 in 2009, we studied the circulation structure in the Luzon Strait area, examined the routes of water exchange between the South China Sea (SCS) and the Philippine Sea, and estimated the volume transport through Luzon Strait. We found that the Kuroshio axis follows a s-shaped path slightly east of 121°E in the upper layer. With an increase in depth, the Kuroshio axis became gradually farther from the island of Luzon. To study the water exchange between the Philippine Sea and the SCS, identification of inflows and outflows is necessary. We first identified which flows contributed to the water exchange through Luzon Strait, which differs from the approach taken in previous studies. We determined that the obvious water exchange is in the section of 121°E. The westward inflow from the Philippine Sea into the SCS is 6.39 Sv in volume, and mainly in the 100–500 m layer at 19.5°–20°N (accounting for 4.40 Sv), while the outflow from the SCS into the Philippine Sea is concentrated in the upper 100 m at 19°–20°N and upper 400 m at 21°–21.5°N, and below 240 m at 19°–19.5°N, accounting for 1.07, 3.02 and 3.43 Sv in volume transport, respectively. Keywordwater exchange–the Luzon Strait–circulation structure–Kuroshio
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(2):470-481.
• Article: Discovery of males of Simocephalus himalayensis (Cladocera, Simocephalus), with the re-description of females

  Xinlu Shi, Sen Xu, Chenchen Xue, Xiaona Huang, Guijie Liu, Yuanjun Zhao
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: The lack of data concerning the morphology of male cladocerans greatly impedes our understanding of the systematics of cladocerans. This is because the differentiation of males is of significant importance for distinguishing closely related species. Simocephalus himalayensis himalayensis Chiang & Chen, 1974 (Cladocera, Simocephalus) is an endemic cladoceran species in the Tibetan plateau, China. To date, no information has been available regarding the morphology and biology of its males. In this study, we provide the morphological and biological data of the males that were produced in laboratory populations. The male individuals are about 1.01–1.20 mm long; the margin of antennulae possess two sensory papilla; dorsal valve margin smooth. Two vas deferens are located between the supra-anal angle and the proximal anal teeth. Sperm is round with a diameter of two micrometers. An updated morphological description and reproductive data of the females of this species are also provided. KeywordCladocera– Simocephalus – Simocephalus himalayensis –male–morphology
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(1):206-212.
• Article: Trophic ecology of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis Bleeker): stable carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence

  Weiwei Ji, Xuezhong Chen, Yazhou Jiang, Shengfa Li
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: The trophic ecology of the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) was studied using stable isotope analyses. Samples were collected from July to September 2009 and 34 individuals from eight sites were examined for stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ 13C) ranged from −20.67 to −15.43, while stable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ 15N) ranged 9.18–12.23. The relationship between δ 13C and δ 15N suggested high resource partitioning in the sampling area. Significant differences in stable isotope values among the eight sampling sites may be linked to environmental diversities involving various physical processes (such as ocean current, wind and tide) and different carbon sources. Furthermore, the stable isotope ratios may also explain the ontogenetic variability in diet and feeding, because δ 13C and δ 15N varied significantly with increasing body size. The findings are consistent with other studies on diet analyses in small yellow croaker. It was also demonstrated that stable isotope analysis could be used to estimate the trophic characters of small yellow croaker in feeding patterns and migrating habits. Keywordsmall yellow croaker–stable isotope analysis–trophic strategy–East China Sea
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(5):1033-1040.
• Article: Stock discrimination of spottedtail goby (Synechogobius ommaturus) in the Yellow Sea by analysis of otolith shape

  Yingjun Wang, Zhenjiang Ye, Qun Liu, Liang Cao
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Otolith shape is species specific and is an ideal marker of fish population affiliation. In this study, otolith shape of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus is used to identify stocks in different spawning locations in the Yellow Sea. The main objectives of this study are to explore the potential existence of local stocks of spottedtail goby in the Yellow Sea by analysis of otolith shape, and to investigate ambient impacts on otolith shape. Spottedtail goby was sampled in five locations in the Yellow Sea in 2007 and 2008. Otoliths are described using variables correlated to size (otolith area, perimeter, length, width, and weight) and shape (rectangularity, circularity, and 20 Fourier harmonics). Only standardized otolith variables are used so that the effect of otolith size on the shape variables could be eliminated. There is no significant difference among variables of sex, year, and side (left and right). However, the otolith shapes of the spring stocks and the autumn stocks differ significantly. Otolith shape differences are greater among locations than between years. Correct classification rate of spottedtail goby with the otolith shape at different sampling locations range from 29.7%–77.4%. Keyword Synechogobius ommaturus –the Yellow Sea–otolith shape–Fourier analysis
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(1):192-198.
• Article: Interannual variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes in the South China Sea

  Haibo Zong, Yuguang Liu, Peng Xiu, Qing Xu, Zengrui Rong
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: The South China Sea (SCS) is significantly influenced by El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through ENSO-driven atmospheric and oceanic changes. We analyzed measurements made from 1960 to 2004 to investigate the interannual variability of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over the SCS. Both the interannual variations of latent and sensible heat fluxes are closely related to ENSO events. The low-pass mean heat flux anomalies vary in a coherent manner with the low-pass mean Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Time lags between the heat flux anomalies and the SST anomalies were also studied. We found that latent heat flux anomalies have a minimum value around January of the year following El Niño events. During and after the mature phase of El Niño, a change of atmospheric circulation alters the local SCS near-surface humidity and the monsoon winds. During the mature phase of El Niño, the wind speed decreases over the entire sea, and the air-sea specific humidity difference anomalies decreases in the northern SCS and increases in the southern SCS. Thus, a combined effect of wind speed anomalies and air-sea specific humidity difference anomalies results in the latent heat flux anomalies attaining minimum levels around January of the year following an El Niño year.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 28(1):153-159.
• Article: Introduction to international NPOCE program

  Fan Wang, Dunxin Hu
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 28(4):953-953.
• Article: Forecasts of South China Sea surface temperature anomalies using the Niño indices and dipole mode index as predictors

  Haiying Chen, Guohong Fang, Baoshu Yin, Yonggang Wang, Zexun Wei
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Based on an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the monthly NCEP Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) data in the South China Sea (SCS) after removing the climatological mean and trends of SST, over the period of January 1982 to October 2003, the corresponding TCF correlates best with the Dipole Mode Index (DMI), Niño1+2, Niño3.4, Niño3, and Niño4 indices with time lags of 10, 3, 6, 5, and 6 months, respectively. Thus, a statistical hindcasts in the prediction model are based on a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) model using the above indices as predictors spanning from 1993/1994 to 2003/2004 with a 1–12 month lead time after the canonical variants are calculated, using data from the training periods from January 1982 to December1992. The forecast model is successful and steady when the lead times are 1–12 months. The SCS warm event in 1998 was successfully predicted with lead times from 1–12 months irrespective of the strength or time extent. The prediction ability for SSTA is lower during weak ENSO years, in which other local factors should be also considered as local effects play a relatively important role in these years. We designed the two forecast models: one using both DMI and Niño indices and the other using only Niño indices without DMI, and compared the forecast accuracies of the two cases. The spatial distributions of forecast accuracies show different confidence areas. By turning off the DMI, the forecast accuracy is lower in the coastal areas off the Philippines in the SCS, suggesting some teleconnection may occur with the Indian Ocean in this area. The highest forecast accuracies occur when the forecast interval is five months long without using the DMI, while using both of Niño indices and DMI, the highest accuracies occur when the forecast interval time is eight months, suggesting that the Niño indices dominate the interannual variability of SST anomalies in the SCS. Meanwhile the forecast accuracy is evaluated over an independent test period of more than 11 years (1993/94 to October 2004) by comparing the model performance with a simple prediction strategy involving the persistence of sea surface temperature anomalies over a 1–12 month lead time (the persisted prediction). Predictions based on the CCA model show a significant improvement over the persisted prediction, especially with an increased lead time (longer than 3 months). The forecast model performs steadily and the forecast accuracy, i.e., the correlation coefficients between the observed and predicted SSTA in the SCS are about 0.5 in most middle and southern SCS areas, when the thresholds are greater than the 95% confidence level. For all 1 to 12 month lead time forecasts, the root mean square errors have a standard deviation of about 0.2. The seasonal differences in the prediction performance for the 1–12 month lead time are also examined.
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 28(1):144-152.
• Article: Characteristics of the tertiary egg membrane of cuttlefish Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune

  Chunlin Wang, Xiaoxu Fan, Xiamin Jiang, Weiwei Song, Yongjian Xu
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: We separated tertiary egg membrane (TGM) from 2- and 25-day-old eggs of cuttlefish Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune, and revealed its ultrastructure, physical (solubility, barrier property) and biochemical (histology, histochemistry, nutritional components, bacteriostasis) characteristics. The results show that TGM could not be dissolved with natural seawater, alcohol, ether or hydrochloric acid (HCl), but it could be dissolved with 2-chloroethanol, diethylamine, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The black TGM was more effective in blocking off mud particulates, microorganisms (Chlorella vulgaris, Vibrio alginolyticus) and lighter than the white TGM. The elasticity of black and white TGMs was 1.8 N and 1.5 N, respectively. There were some ink particulates and rod-shaped bacteria in the black TGM. The nutritional components were different between black and white TGMs: Lipid content was lower and protein content was higher in the black TGM. TGM could also inhibit the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus. KeywordCephalopoda-tertiary egg membrane (TGM)-physical and biochemical characteristics-embryo development
  Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 28(6):1206-1212.