Nutrition and Cancer (NUTR CANCER)

Publications in this journal

• Article: Dietary intake of vitamin d and calcium and breast cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.

  Abbas S, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Chang-Claude J, Peeters PH, Engel P, Brustad M, Lund E, Skeie G, Olsen A, [......], van Duijnhoven FJ, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key TJ, Fedirko V, Romieu I, Gallo V, Norat T, Wark PA, Riboli E
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  ABSTRACT: Studies assessing the effects of vitamin D or calcium intake on breast cancer risk have been inconclusive. Furthermore, few studies have evaluated them jointly. This study is the largest so far examining the association of dietary vitamin D and calcium intake with breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. During a mean follow-up of 8.8 yr, 7760 incident invasive breast cancer cases were identified among 319,985 women. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of vitamin D intake, HR and 95% CI were 1.07 (0.87-1.32) and 1.02 (0.90-1.16) for pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. The corresponding HR and 95% CIs for calcium intake were 0.98 (0.80-1.19) and 0.90 (0.79-1.02), respectively. For calcium intake in postmenopausal women, the test for trend was borderline statistically significant (P(trend) = 0.05). There was no significant interaction between vitamin D and calcium intake and cancer risk (P(interaction) = 0.57 and 0.22 in pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively). In this large prospective cohort, we found no evidence for an association between dietary vitamin D or calcium intake and breast cancer risk.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2013; 65(2):178-87.
• Article: Comparison of tamoxifen with Edible seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii L.) extract in suppressing breast tumor

  Fatemeh Shamsabadi, Ali Khoddami, Samaneh Ghasemi Fard, Suhaila Mohamed, Rasedee Abdullah
  Nutrition and Cancer 10/2012;
• Article: HCA intake and prostate cancer risk: effect modification by genetic variants

  Van Hemelrijck M, Rohrmann S, Steinbrecher A, Kaaks R, Teucher B, Linseisen J
  Nutrition and Cancer 01/2012;
• Article: Promoter Methylation of E-Cadherin, p16, and RAR-β2 Genes in Breast Tumors and Dietary Intake of Nutrients Important in One-Carbon Metabolism

  Meng-Hua Tao, Joel B. Mason, Catalin Marian, Susan E. McCann, Mary E. Platek, Amy Millen, Christine Ambrosone, Stephen B. Edge, Shiva S. Krishnan, Maurizio Trevisan, Peter G. Shields, Jo L. Freudenheim
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  ABSTRACT: Aberrant DNA methylation plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, and the availability of dietary factors involved in 1-carbon metabolism may contribute to aberrant DNA methylation. We investigated the association of intake of folate, vitamins B2, B6, B12, and methionine with promoter methylation of E-cadherin, p16, and RAR-β2 genes in archived tumor tissues from incident, primary breast cancer cases in a population-based case-control study. Real-time methylation-specific PCR was performed on 803 paraffin-embedded samples; usual dietary intake was queried from a food frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to derive adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for likelihood of promoter methylation for high compared to low intake of those 1-carbon nutrients. Overall, in case-case comparisons, dietary intakes of folate, vitamins B2, B6, B12, and methionine were not associated with likelihood of promoter methylation of E- cadherin, p16, and RAR-β2 for all cases combined or within strata defined by menopausal status and estrogen receptor status in this study. This finding, however, does not exclude the possibility that intake of such nutrients might have the ability to modulate promoter methylation in normal or premalignant (dysplastic) breast tissue.
  Nutrition and Cancer 10/2011; 63(7):1143-1150.
• Article: The role of vitamins in cancer: a review

  Mamede AC, Tavares SD, Abrantes AM, Trindade J, Maia JM, Botelho MF
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  ABSTRACT: Vitamins are essential nutrients for human metabolism, playing an important role as coenzymes or enzymes in many vital processes for the normal functioning of the body. In recent years, it has become apparent that vitamins are crucial in health and human disease, due to several studies that studied this relationship. Currently, it is known that vitamins can have an important role in the prevention and treatment of cancer, but until now no conclusive results were obtained. In this review, we will present the work and more relevant conclusions obtained in recent years of investigation about the relationship between vitamins and cancer, namely vitamin A, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K.
  Nutrition and Cancer 05/2011; 63(4):479-94.
• Article: Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio and leukocyte function are related to the reduction of Walker-256 tumor growth after β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) administration in Wistar rats.

  KUCZERA, OLIVEIRA, H. H. P, GUIMARÃES, LIMA, MACHADO, A. F, COELHO, YAMAGUCHI, A. A, DONATTI, NALIWAIKO, FERNANDES, L. C, NUNES, E. A
  Nutrition and Cancer 01/2011;
• Article: The Effect of Leucine Restriction on Akt/mTOR Signaling in Breast Cancer

  Gopal Singha, Argun Akcakanata, Chandeshwar Sharmaa, David Luyimbazia, Katherine A. Naffb, Funda
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  ABSTRACT: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central controller of cell growth and is currently being investigated as a potential target in breast cancer therapy.The essential amino acid leucine has been proposed to regulate mTOR signaling. The objective of this study was to determine whether leucine restriction would inhibit mTOR signaling in breast cancer cells. Leucine restriction did not decrease mTOR signaling in any of the 8 breast cancer cell lines tested. In addition, in vivo administration of a leucine-free diet for up to 4 days did not result in a decrease in phosphorylation of mTOR target proteins in breast cancer xenografts. Further, in 3 different cell lines, an increase in Akt phosphorylation was observed after leucine restriction. This was observed without a decrease in S6K phosphorylation, suggesting a mechanism different from the feedback loop activation of Akt observed with rapamycin treatment. We conclude that leucine restriction is not sufficient to inhibit mTOR signaling in most breast cancer cell lines but is associated with activation of survival molecule Akt, making leucine deprivation an undesirable approach for breast cancer therapy.
  Nutrition and Cancer 01/2011;
• Article: Dietary and Demographic Correlates of Serum β-Glucuronidase Activity

  Sonia S. Maruti, Lin Li, Jyh-Lurn Chang, JoAnn Prunty, Yvonne Schwarz, Shuying S. Li, Irena B. King, John D. Potter, Johanna W. Lampe
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  ABSTRACT: β-glucuronidase, an acid hydrolase that deconjugates glucuronides, may increase cancer risk; however, little is known about factors associated with human β -glucuronidase. Our objective was to examine whether dietary and demographic factors were associated with serum β -glucuronidase activity. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 279 healthy men and women aged 20 to 40 yr. Diet, categorized by botanical families and nutrient intakes, was assessed from 3-day food records and a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Demographic factors were directly measured or self-reported. Adjusted mean β -glucuronidase activity across categories of exposure variables were calculated by multiple linear regression. Higher β -glucuronidase activity was significantly associated with being male, older age (≥ 30 yr), non-Caucasian, overweight (≥ 25 kg/m2), and higher intakes of gamma-tocopherol. Conversely, lower β -glucuronidase activity was significantly associated with higher intakes of calcium, iron, and magnesium. A suggestive decrease in β -glucuronidase activity was observed for the botanical families Cruciferae , Rutaceae , Compositae , Roseaceae , and Umbelliferae , but tests for trend were not statistically significant. In conclusion, several dietary and nondietary factors were associated with β -glucuronidase activity; however, confirmation of these associations are needed.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2010; 62(2):208-219.
• Article: Effects of β-Ionone on Mammary Carcinogenesis and Antioxidant Status in Rats Treated With DMBA

  Jia-Ren Liu, Hong-Wei Dong, Xiang-Rong Sun, Qi Wang, Wen-Guang Sun, John W. Parry, Qian Liu, Xiao-Hui Han, Chang-Hao Sun, Bing-Qing Chen, Bao-Feng Yang
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  ABSTRACT: Recent chemopreventive studies from our group showed that dietary β -ionone inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis by the inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis initiation. In this study, we examined the chemopreventive effects of varied doses of dietary β -ionone on the development and growth of DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors as well as plasma antioxidant status. β -ionone treatment groups were given 9, 18, and 36 mmol/kg in the AIN76A diet starting 2 wk prior to DMBA administration and continuing for the 24 wk. Results showed that tumor incidence was dose dependently reduced by 35.4, 68.3, and 87.8%, respectively, compared to the positive control. Tumor sizes were dose dependently smaller, and tumor weight was less in each group, each rat, and each tumor compared to the positive control ( P < 0.05). A significant decrease in lipid peroxidation was observed in the tumor-induced rats treated with dietary β -ionone, whereas the plasma activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and the nonenzymatic antioxidant glutathione were increased in the β -ionone treated rats when compared to control. The levels of catalase and lactate dehydrogenase were remarkably decreased in the β -ionone treated groups compared to the positive control group. These results suggest that dietary β -ionone has biologically relevant antioxidant activity and plays a chemopreventive role against DMBA induced mammary gland tumors.
  Nutrition and Cancer 01/2010; 62(1):58-65.
• Article: Anticancer Properties of Ganoderma Lucidum Methanol Extracts In Vitro and In Vivo

  Ljubica M. Harhaji Trajković, Sanja A. Mijatović, Danijela D. Maksimović-Ivanić, Ivana D. Stojanović, Miljana B. Momčilović, Srdjan J. Tufegdžić, Vuk M. Maksimović, Žaklina S. Marjanovi, Stanislava D. Stošić-Grujičić
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  ABSTRACT: Anticancer activities of various extracts of the medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, have been widely demonstrated and are mainly associated with the presence of different bioactive polysaccharides and triterpenoids. We have evaluated and compared in vitro and in vivo the antitumor effects of two preparations from Ganoderma lucidum: a methanol extract containing total terpenoids (GLme) and a purified methanol extract containing mainly acidic terpenoids (GLpme). Both extracts inhibited tumor growth of B16 mouse melanoma cells inoculated subcutaneously into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and reduced viability of B16 cells in vitro, whereby GLme exhibited stronger effect. Furthermore, anticancer activity of GLme was demonstrated for the first time against two other rodent tumor cell lines, L929-mouse fibrosarcoma and C6-rat astrocytoma. The mechanism of antitumor activity of GLme comprised inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death mediated by upregulated p53 and inhibited Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, the antitumor effect of the GLme was associated with intensified production of reactive oxygen species, whereas their neutralization by the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, resulted in partial recovery of cell viability. Thus, our results suggest that GLme might be a good candidate for treatment of diverse forms of cancers.
  Nutrition and Cancer 09/2009; 61(5):696-707.
• Article: Dietary supplement use and risk of neoplastic progression in esophageal adenocarcinoma: a prospective study.

  Linda M Dong, Alan R Kristal, Ulrike Peters, Jeannette M Schenk, Carissa A Sanchez, Peter S Rabinovitch, Patricia L Blount, Robert D Odze, Kamran Ayub, Brian J Reid, Thomas L Vaughan
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  ABSTRACT: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) and its precursor condition, Barrett's esophagus, has risen rapidly in the United States for reasons that are not fully understood. Therefore, we evaluated the association between use of supplemental vitamins and minerals and risk of neoplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus and EA. The Seattle Barrett's Esophagus Program is a prospective study based on 339 men and women with histologically confirmed Barrett's esophagus. Participants underwent baseline and periodic follow-up exams, which included endoscopy and self-administered questionnaires on diet, supplement use, and lifestyle characteristics. Use of multivitamins and 4 individual supplements was calculated using time-weighted averages of reported use over the observational period. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for each endpoint: EA, tetraploidy, and aneuploidy. During a mean follow-up of 5 yr, there were 37 cases of EA, 42 cases of tetraploidy, and 34 cases of aneuploidy. After controlling for multiple covariates including diet, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, obesity, and smoking, participants who took 1 or more multivitamin pills/day had a significantly decreased risk of tetraploidy [HR = 0.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.08-0.47) and EA (HR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.15-0.99] compared to those not taking multivitamins. Significant inverse associations were also observed between risk of EA and supplemental vitamin C (> or = 250 mg vs. none: HR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.11-0.58) and vitamin E (> or = 180 mg vs. none: HR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.10-0.60). In this cohort study, use of multivitamins and single antioxidant supplements was associated with a significantly reduced risk of EA and markers of neoplastic progression among individuals with Barrett's esophagus.
  Nutrition and Cancer 01/2008; 60(1):39-48.
• Article: Dietary and lifestyle correlates of urinary excretion status of equol in Japanese women.

  Chisato Nagata, Tomomi Ueno, Shigeto Uchiyama, Yasuko Nagao, Satoru Yamamoto, Chiken Shibuya, Yoshitomo Kashiki, Hiroyuki Shimizu
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  ABSTRACT: The isoflavone metabolite equol has been identified in urine or blood samples in some but not all humans. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between lifestyle, including diet, and the urinary excretion of equol. Study subjects were 419 Japanese women who were recruited from a breast cancer screening center. Each woman responded to a self-administered questionnaire seeking information about health and lifestyle factors. Diet was assessed by a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Urinary isoflavones were measured using spot urine samples. Equol was detected in the urine of 84 (20.0%) women. After controlling for covariates, it was found that dairy product intake was significantly lower in those who excreted detectable equol levels in urine than in those who did not. Because equol is derived from daidzein, individuals with low intake of daidzein may produce undetectable levels of equol. To account for this, the study subjects were restricted to 163 women with urinary daidzein levels of 10 nmol/mg creatinine or higher. The association of equol excretion with dairy product intake remained significant. Demographic factors, smoking status, and menstrual and reproductive factors were unrelated to equol excretion. These data suggest that dairy product intake may be associated with the production of equol.
  Nutrition and Cancer 01/2008; 60(1):49-54.
• Source

  Available from: encognitive.com

  Article: Review of the factors affecting bioavailability of soy isoflavones in humans.

  Inge Lise Finné Nielsen, Gary Williamson
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  ABSTRACT: Soy isoflavones have anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antiatherosclerotic activities. They also interact with the estrogen receptor, which makes them weak or moderate phytoestrogens. Because of their bioactivity, isoflavone bioavailability has been extensively studied in humans. This review summarizes data from intervention studies in humans, focusing on the factors that affect bioavailability. Summarizing data from 16 studies shows that the maximum concentration in plasma normalized to a constant dose of genistin is approximately 1.6 times that of genistein, and daidzin is approximately 1.8-fold higher than daidzein, whereas the half-life is not significantly different for aglycone and glucoside. There is a wide variation in the reported percentage urinary excretion that is not dependent on dose. Bioavailability is increased by a rapid gut transit time and by low fecal digestion rates and is decreased by a fiber-rich diet. There is no difference in bioavailability between pre- and postmenopausal women. The daily ingestion of soymilk for 1 wk does not affect bioavailability, but daily ingestion for a month increases excretion of equol in women. The factors or habitual diet characteristics that influence equol production are not clear, but equol production is limited with an immature flora. There is no consensus on which source of isoflavones results in the highest isoflavone bioavailability, and published studies present different results, although bioavailability is affected by whether the dose is given as food or drink. In conclusion, it is important to consider the factors affecting bioavailability of isoflavones when designing intervention studies.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2007; 57(1):1-10.
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  Available from: encognitive.com

  Article: Niacin deficiency alters p53 expression and impairs etoposide-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rat bone marrow cells.

  Jennifer C Spronck, Jennifer L Nickerson, James B Kirkland
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  ABSTRACT: One focus of chemoprevention research is the interaction of nutrients with specific molecular targets associated with the maintenance of genomic stability. This study tested the impact of dietary niacin status on bone marrow NAD+ and poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) levels, p53 expression, and etoposide (ETO)-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. After 3 wk on niacin-deficient (ND), pair-fed niacin-replete (PF), or nicotinic acid-supplemented (4 g/kg diet) (NA) diets, Long-Evans rats were gavaged with ETO (25 mg/kg) or vehicle. ND and NA diets caused a 72% decrease and a 240% increase in bone marrow NAD+, respectively. Basal and ETO-induced pADPr levels differed dramatically among ND, PF, and NA diets (undetectable, 42 and 216 fmol/million cells, respectively; basal and undetectable, 119 and 484 fmol/million cells, respectively, following ETO). ND diet alone caused overexpression of two distinct isoforms of p53. Levels of p53 in PF and NA marrow increased in response to ETO treatment, but this did not occur in ND bone marrow. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of regular and alternative spliced variants of p53 mRNA revealed that niacin deficiency actually decreased both forms of p53 message, implicating protein stability in the accumulation of p53 in ND marrow. ETO-induced apoptosis (TUNEL) was suppressed during niacin deficiency and enhanced by supplementation. G1 arrest was also impaired in ND bone marrow relative to PF and NA. Despite a poor G1 arrest, p21waf1 was overexpressed in the ND bone marrow and dramatically induced following ETO treatment. In conclusion, dietary niacin deficiency causes changes in NAD+ and pADPr metabolism, alters p53 expression, and impairs cellular responses to DNA damage.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2007; 57(1):88-99.
• Article: 9trans,11trans conjugated linoleic acid inhibits the development of azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats.

  Yumiko Yasui, Rikako Suzuki, Hiroyuki Kohno, Shingo Miyamoto, Fumiaki Beppu, Masashi Hosokawa, Kazuo Miyashita, Takuji Tanaka
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  ABSTRACT: We investigated the effects of 9trans,11trans (9t,11t)-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Male F344 rats were given 2 weekly subcutaneous injections of AOM (20 mg/kg bw) to induce colonic ACF. They also were fed a diet containing either 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1% 9t,11t-CLA for 4 wk starting 1 wk before the first dosing of AOM. The group that received a diet supplemented with 9t,11t-CLA had a significantly lower number of ACF/colon in comparison to the AOM alone group in a dose-dependent manner up to 0.1%. Furthermore, treatment with 9t,11t-CLA induced apoptosis and suppressed cell proliferation activity in the non-lesional crypts. The downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1 and the activation of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma were observed in the colonic mucosa of rats fed a diet supplemented with 9t,11t-CLA. Our findings thus provide some novel insight into the chemopreventive effect of 9t,11t-CLA against preinitiation as well as postinitiation stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2007; 59(1):82-91.
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  Available from: encognitive.com

  Article: Nutritional factors in ovarian cancer prevention: what have we learned in the past 5 years?

  Elisa V Bandera
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  ABSTRACT: The recommendation of the American Cancer Society Nutrition and Physical Activity 2001 Guidelines regarding ovarian cancer prevention was that "there are no firmly established nutritional risk factors for ovarian cancer, though vegetable and fruit consumption may lower risk." Since then, a number of studies have been published including several large cohort studies. The main objective of this review was to evaluate the literature from the past 5 yr and determine whether any more firm recommendations could be made at this point. Searches were conducted from 2000 to July 2006, and relevant citations were reviewed. Although population-based case-control studies have fairly consistently shown an increased risk with increase body mass, cohort data are inconclusive. The role of physical activity is also unclear. The current epidemiologic evidence for dietary factors is generally inconsistent to warrant public health recommendations regarding any of these factors.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2007; 59(2):142-51.
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  Available from: encognitive.com

  Article: Dietary fiber intake and endogenous serum hormone levels in naturally postmenopausal Mexican American women: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

  Kristine R Monroe, Suzanne P Murphy, Brian E Henderson, Laurence N Kolonel, Frank Z Stanczyk, Herman Adlercreutz, Malcolm C Pike
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  ABSTRACT: This study investigated dietary fiber intake in association with serum estrogen levels in naturally postmenopausal Latina women with a wide range of fiber intake. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in 242 women. Associations between estrogen levels and intake of dietary fiber, including insoluble and soluble fractions, quantified from a food frequency questionnaire, were examined. The biomarker enterolactone was also measured. After adjustment for age, weight, and other nondietary factors, dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with E1 and E2; there was a 22% and 17% decrease (2Ptrend=0.023 and 0.045) among subjects in the highest quintile of intake compared with the lowest. Fitting dietary fiber together with soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) showed a much greater decrease in E1 and E2 (47% and 41%, respectively) while increased soluble NSP intake showed increases in E1 and E2 (64% and 69%, respectively). Two foods, avocado and grapefruit, showed significant positive associations with E1 (2Ptrend=0.029 and 0.015, respectively). This study suggests that different components of dietary fiber may have very significant different effects on serum estrogen levels. The suggestive findings relating increased estrogen levels to avocado and grapefruit intakes need confirmation.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2007; 58(2):127-35.
• Article: High selenium reduces NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression in uninduced human prostate cancer cells.

  Merrill J Christensen, Edward T Nartey, Aimee L Hada, Russell L Legg, Brett R Barzee
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  ABSTRACT: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) induces expression of antiapoptotic and pro-inflammatory genes and is constitutively activated in prostate cancer. We tested the hypothesis that a biologically and physiologically relevant form and concentration of selenium (Se) may alter NF-kappa B activation in early prostate cancer cells in the absence of exogenously added inducers of the NF-kappaB pathway. LNCaP cells were cultured in medium without added tumor necrosis factor alpha or lipopolysaccharide but with methylseleninic acid added to provide final concentrations of Se of 30 nM-7.6 microM. Compared to 50 nM Se, treatment with 7.6 microM Se virtually eliminated NF-kappaB binding to its DNA response element and reduced transcription rates and mRNA levels by half for NF-kappaB-regulated genes. There were no differences due to Se in tyrosine phosphorylation, inhibitor of kappa B alpha (I kappa B alpha) levels, or NF-kappaB translocation from cytosol to nucleus. The observation in these basal, unstimulated cells of altered NF-kappaB binding to DNA in the absence of effects on the NF-kappaB activation pathway suggests an interaction of Se with the NF-kappaB protein or an effect on recruitment of NF-kappaB coactivators or corepressors. Inhibition of transcription factor binding and anti-apoptotic gene expression may be one mechanism for the chemopreventive effects of Se against prostate cancer.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2007; 58(2):197-204.
• Article: Dietary and weight changes after treatments for lymphoma.

  Nancy C Russell, Deanna M Hoelscher, Lorianne Janszen, M Alma Rodriguez
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  ABSTRACT: To estimate the current prevalence of overweight and any associations with self-reported changes in dietary patterns, we surveyed 141 patients who had completed treatments for lymphoma at The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. We hypothesized that those who perceived that they were currently eating more fruits, vegetables, or whole grains would be more likely to be in a normal weight as body mass index (BMI) category. Usual food choices during the past year were assessed through the previously validated Block Dietary Data Systems Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Perceived increases in fruits, vegetables, or whole grains after treatment were assessed through supplementary questions. Height, weight, and medications were recorded from a retrospective record review. A majority of subjects were overweight or obese before treatment, and this proportion had increased when assessed a median of 20 mo after treatment. Patients perceiving that they currently consumed more fruits, vegetables, or whole grains were not more likely to be in a normal BMI category even after controlling for medications associated with weight gain as indicated by pharmaceutical company information. However, a majority of subjects consumed 40% or more of energy from fat and ate less than the recommended minimum of 5-a-day fruits and vegetables.
  Nutrition and Cancer 02/2007; 57(2):168-76.