Laboratory animal science (Lab Anim Sci)

Publications in this journal

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  Article: Evaluation of cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys as experimental models of acute Q fever after aerosol exposure to phase-I Coxiella burnetii.

  D M Waag, W R Byrne, J Estep, P Gibbs, M L Pitt, C M Banfield
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  ABSTRACT: Q fever is a disease of humans. Vaccines to prevent this disease have demonstrated efficacy in rodents and must also be evaluated for efficacy in a nonhuman primate model. Preliminary to vaccine efficacy experiments, cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys were evaluated as suitable experimental models of acute Q fever. Both species of monkeys were challenged with aerosolized 10(5) virulent phase-I Coxiella burnetii Henzerling strain, and clinical and serologic responses were determined. Radiographic changes were observed in seven of eight monkeys of both species; however, changes in cynomolgus monkeys tended to be more significant. Between 7 and 10 days after challenge, all rhesus monkeys and 88% of cynomolgus monkeys were bacteremic. Sequential increases in antibody responses to C. burnetii phase-I and phase-II whole cells and phase-I lipopolysaccharide were observed in both species. Although the maximal rectal temperature increase was similar in both species, duration of fever was slightly longer in rhesus monkeys. Clinical features were similar to those described in human acute Q fever patients. On the basis of the more pronounced radiographic changes in cynomolgus monkeys, we favor use of this species for future studies of vaccine efficacy.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):634-8.
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  Article: Pathologic changes associated with use of tribromoethanol (avertin) in the Sprague Dawley rat.

  W C Reid, K P Carmichael, S Srinivas, J L Bryant
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):665-7.
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  Article: Comparison of two systems for tibial external fixation in rabbits.

  R H Meffert, J E Tis, S Lounici, J S Rogers, N Inoue, E Y Chao
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  ABSTRACT: Use of rabbits in orthopedic investigations is common. In this study, focus is on factors that influence bone healing and on distraction osteogenesis. Biomechanical characteristics of two external fixator systems (Orthofix device and Hoffmann device) for long bones were tested. Twelve freshly dissected tibiae were obtained from six skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits, and four-point bending stiffness in two planes (90 and 180 degrees to the fixator pins) and torsional stiffness and strength of the bone-fixator complex were evaluated by use of a material testing machine. In four-point bending, Orthofix device had higher stiffness and strength, compared with Hoffmann device. When the load was applied 180 degrees to the pins, both devices had higher stiffness, compared with that at 90 degrees. In torsional testing, Orthofix device had significantly higher stiffness and strength. Significant differences in structural properties between the two systems were evident. Loading direction and gap conditions were important factors in determining properties of the systems. Therefore, type of external fixation system and fixation technique should be considered when designing experiments, using the rabbit long bone model.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):650-4.
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  Article: Peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization and leukapheresis in pigs.

  K Nash, Q Chang, A Watts, S Treter, G Oravec, V Ferrara, L Buhler, M Basker, S Gojo, D H Sachs, M White-Scharf, J D Down, D K Cooper
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  ABSTRACT: The pig is being investigated as an organ donor for humans. Induction of immunologic tolerance to pig tissues in primates would overcome the major immunologic barriers to xenotransplantation. A proven method of inducing tolerance to allografts is by the induction of mixed hematopoietic chimerism by bone marrow transplantation. We are therefore investigating induction of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in the pig-to-baboon model. To obtain large numbers of pig hematopoietic cells, leukapheresis was used to collect blood cell products in miniature swine (n = 5) after progenitor cell mobilization by use of a course of hematopoietic growth factors (cytokines), consisting of porcine interleukin 3, porcine stem cell factor, and human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Cytokine therapy and leukapheresis were well tolerated. Cytokine therapy increased the total white blood cell count and allowed large numbers of leukocytes (60 x 10(10)) to be obtained by apheresis, of which approximately 0.1% were granulocyte-erythrocyte-monocyte-megakaryocyte colony-forming units (CFU-GEMMs), which are considered to be representative of hematopoietic progenitors with multi-lineage potential. The combination of cytokine therapy and leukapheresis enables hematopoietic progenitor cells to be obtained safely from miniature swine.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):645-9.
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  Article: Major histocompatibility haplotype does not impact the course of experimentally induced murine vaginal candidiasis.

  C A Black, F M Eyers, M L Dunkley, R L Clancy, K W Beagley
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):668-72.
• Article: Open-thorax guinea pig model for defibrillation.

  J N Eynard, R A Malkin
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  ABSTRACT: Guinea pigs are used as models for study of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT); however, the tachyarrhythmia often is transient and does not persist. We developed an open-thorax guinea pig model of sustained ventricular fibrillation (VF). Bilateral thoracotomy was performed on eight guinea pigs weighing 865 to 1,464 g, and two sutures were positioned in the right ventricular apex for the purpose of pacing. Two methods were used to induce VF: a 50-Hz burst (normal pacing), and an initial 15 beats at 70% of the R-R interval followed by a 100-Hz burst for 84 beats (rapid pacing). Fifteen attempts at inducing VF were performed by use of each method. Blood pressure was recorded before and after development of VF, which was defined as VT with mean blood pressure consistently <10 mm Hg. A final observation was obtained using the normal pacing method without defibrillation. Use of both methods successfully induced VF. A significant relationship between body weight >1,021 g and ability to sustain and survive VF was detected. The guinea pig is a useful rodent model for the study of VF and defibrillation.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):628-33.
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  Article: Experimental models of peripheral neuropathies.

  L Notterpek, R J Tolwani
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  ABSTRACT: Peripheral neuropathies, disorders of peripheral nerves, result from genetic alterations or from metabolic, inflammatory, infectious, or chemical insults. Experimental animal models, spontaneous or induced, exist for many of the common human peripheral neuropathies. Recent advances in human genetics have led to identification of several specific gene defects involved in heritable neuropathies and have allowed reproduction of the molecular defects in experimental animals. Genetic modifications in mice and rats, similar to those seen in humans, along with animal models of specific gene defects are presented and discussed. Chemotherapeutic agents administered to affected animals mimic the dose-dependent neuropathies similar to those seen in humans. Availability of the experimental animal models has been invaluable to an understanding of the pathogenesis of disease and the development of new treatments.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):588-99.
• Article: Distribution of Helicobacter pylori in a Mongolian gerbil gastric ulcer model.

  H Miyata, K Yagi, M Kimura, H Kijima, Y Isobe, Y Kaneda, T Akashi
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  ABSTRACT: To the authors' knowledge, histopathologic changes associated with early H. pylori infection and ulceration have not been established. We examined presence of H. pylori infection in an acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer (AAU) model in Mongolian gerbils. Sixty Mongolian gerbils were used as an AAU model, and another 60 gerbils were studied as a control (non-AAU) group. All animals were orally administered H. pylori, then were evaluated by use of histologic and bacteriologic examinations. Helicobacter pylori were scattered on the surface mucous gel layer and in the pyloric gland gastric were pits; inflammation seen at the early stages later extended to the mucosa of the fundic gland area. The organisms were predominantly observed in the AAU model, but findings were comparable to those in controls at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, or 56 days. Evaluation with regard to viable bacterial numbers reflected the histologic aspects, that the pyloric gland area had more viable counts than did the fundic gland area. Carbohydrate composition of mucin differed between pyloric and fundic gland areas. These findings shed light on L-fucose related to the H. pylori adhesive factor abundant in mucin of the pyloric gland area. Findings for this ulcer model of Helicobacter pylori infection make it useful for the study of onset of infection and screening of anti-ulcer agents.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):622-7.
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  Article: Pathogenesis of guinea pig adenovirus infection.

  N Butz, P Ossent, F R Homberger
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  ABSTRACT: The existence of guinea pig adenovirus (GPAdV) has been suspected on the basis of histopathologic findings, but the virus has not yet been isolated. In susceptible animals, it may cause severe bronchopneumonia and death. Adenovirus-like inclusion bodies have been observed in the lungs of animals with clinical disease. Prevalence of the infection is unknown. Recently, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was described that was able to selectively detect GPAdV. To investigate the pathogenesis of GPAdV, we inoculated eight guinea pigs with GPAdV; eight control animals were sham inoculated. The PCR assay was used to trace the infection. In a second experiment, transmission of GPAdV from an experimentally infected animal to five immune-naive cohorts was examined. None of the infected animals developed clinical disease. The GPAdV could be detected by PCR analysis of nasal-swab specimens on days 6 through 15 after infection. Infective virus could be recovered from the nasal mucosa during this period (as determined by inoculation of immune-naive animals). The virus was transmitted from an experimentally infected animal to two of five immune-naive cage mates. The GPAdV may cause transient subclinical upper respiratory tract infection that may descend to the lungs.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):600-4.
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  Article: Insulin replacement therapy for the rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.

  C L Haughton, D L Dillehay, L S Phillips
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  ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to compare various strategies for insulin replacement therapy in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Control and diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum, blood glucose concentration was measured twice daily, and outcome was assessed over the final 5 days of a 10-day treatment period, with adjustment of insulin dosage toward the goal of normal glucose values. All insulin regimens induced weight gain at least comparable to that of controls, but glucose regulation differed. It was not possible to normalize glucose values by use of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) or Ultralente insulin given once daily. In contrast, PZI and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin given twice daily provided glucose values comparable to those in controls, whereas glucose values were modestly higher in response to a 70% human insulin isophane suspension and 30% soluble human insulin solution (70/ 30 insulin) given twice daily. Attempted normalization of glucose values was limited by hypoglycemia, which was most common after administration of PZI once daily, and least common after 70/30 insulin given twice daily. Dosage requirements for Ultralente insulin were four- to fivefold higher than those for all other insulins. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats, normal weight gain can be achieved by treatment with PZI insulin once daily, but attainment of near-normal glucose values requires administration of PZI, NPH, or 70/ 30 insulin twice daily. Ultralente insulin may have reduced bioeffectiveness in this animal model.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):639-44.
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  Article: Depressive effects of anesthesia or sedation on exocrine pancreatic function in pigs.

  K Rådberg, J Botermans, B R Weström, S G Pierzynowski
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):662-4.
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  Article: Effects of histamine, carbachol, and methacholine on maximal expiratory lung mechanics in goats.

  T G Mundie, G Hashiro
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):658-61.
• Article: Weight loss and diarrhea in a research dog.

  J O'Malley, S J Murphy, B E Silverman
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):585-7.
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  Article: Herpesvirus papio 2: alternative antigen for use in monkey B virus diagnostic assays.

  K Ohsawa, T W Lehenbauer, R Eberle
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  ABSTRACT: Serologic testing for antibody to monkey B virus (BV) in macaque sera is problematic due to the biohazardous nature of BV and BV antigens. Herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP2), a herpesvirus of baboons, is more closely related genetically and antigenically to BV than is human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). The potential for use of HVP2 relative to HSV1 as an alternative test antigen for detection of anti-BV antibody in macaque sera was assessed. Standard ELISA formats were developed, using BV-, HVP2-, and HSV1-infected cell extracts. Performance of the HVP2 and HSV1 tests was assessed relative to that of the BV test. Using the BV antigen ELISA, 349 sera from 7 macaque species were tested, and results were classified as positive (253), negative (94), or suspect (2). The ELISA using HVP2 antigen detected 98.0% of BV-positive sera (248 of 253), whereas the HSV1-based ELISA detected only 96.0% (243 of 253). All three ELISAs identified the same two samples as suspect, and the HSV1 ELISA identified three additional BV-positive sera as suspect. The HVP2 antigen-based ELISA was equal in sensitivity and specificity to the BV antigen-based ELISA and was superior to the HSV1 ELISA for detection of BV-positive macaque sera. In addition, the HVP2 ELISA has greater laboratory safety, compared with BV antigen use for ELISA testing.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):605-16.
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  Article: Comparison of three treatments for control of ear mites in ferrets.

  M M Patterson, S M Kirchain
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):655-7.
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  Article: Effect of weaning time and associated management practices on postweaning chronic diarrhea in captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

  C A Muñoz-Zanzi, M C Thurmond, D W Hird, N W Lerche
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  ABSTRACT: Our purpose was to assess the extent to which early weaning and other weaning-management factors affect development of postweaning chronic diarrhea in captive rhesus monkeys at the California Regional Primate Research Center between 1992 and 1995. Data for weaning, management, and onset of diarrhea were obtained from daily records. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess whether the risk of chronic diarrhea was related to early weaning. Monkeys that were lighter at weaning had a threefold increase in risk of postweaning chronic diarrhea (P = 0.07), compared with that in heavier monkeys. An episode of preweaning diarrhea increased the risk of postweaning chronic diarrhea twofold (P = 0.08). Relocation of monkeys to outdoor facilities in the fall was associated with a fivefold decrease in risk (P < 0.001), compared with that of other seasons, and weaning in 1993 was associated with a twofold decrease in risk, compared with that of other years (P = 0.04). Multiple factors need to be considered for prevention of postweaning chronic diarrhea, including weaning weight, preweaning diarrhea, season weaned, and weaning conditions that change from year to year.
  Laboratory animal science 01/2000; 49(6):617-21.
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  Article: Macfarlane Burnet centenary symposium on immunology and virology 3-5 August, 1999, Melbourne, Australia.

  A L Smith
  Laboratory animal science 11/1999; 49(5):471-3.
• Article: Characterization of rabbit Pasteurella multocida isolates by use of whole-cell, outer-membrane, and polymerase chain reaction typing.

  S M Dabo, A W Confer, M Montelongo, Y S Lu
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  ABSTRACT: To characterize Pasteurella multocida isolates from laboratory rabbits using serotyping, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins (WCPs) and outer-membrane proteins (OMPs), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting. Fifty isolates were obtained from five sources: ATCC (1), Oklahoma (4), Michigan (9), Minnesota (7), and Texas (29). The PCR fingerprinting was conducted using two minisatellite probes for M13 and a modified M13 core sequence and two microsatellite probes--(GTG)5 and (GACA)4. Forty-five isolates were serogroup A, and five were serogroup D. Ten WCP patterns (W1-W10) with one variation (W1a) and 10 OMP (OM1-OM10) patterns were found. Primers M13 phage, modified M13 phage, (GTG)5, and (GACA)4 generated 7, 9, 5, and 9 fingerprint types, respectively. Combination of WCP, OMP, and PCR fingerprint results yielded 39 groups with a discrimination index of 0.98. The PCR fingerprint results generally indicated clonal association among isolates within geographic locations except for the isolates from Texas, which varied markedly in PCR fingerprint types. Single primer PCR fingerprinting provided a simple and rapid means of typing P. multocida isolates from laboratory rabbits. Combinations of conventional and molecular typing enhanced differentiation among P. multocida isolated from rabbits with pasteurellosis.
  Laboratory animal science 11/1999; 49(5):551-9.
• Article: The evolving role of laboratory animal technology.

  R O Jacoby, J D Macy
  Laboratory animal science 11/1999; 49(5):470.
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  Article: Cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory, sedative, and analgesic effects of intravenous administration of medetomidine in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

  S V Capuano, N W Lerche, C R Valverde
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  ABSTRACT: Medetomidine is a selective, specific, and potent alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist that has been utilized successfully as a sedative/analgesic agent in a variety of domestic and nondomestic animals. The objective of this study was to document the physiological effects of the intravenous administration of medetomidine in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Fifteen healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), 5 to 15 years old and weighing 5.5 to 11.8 kg, were given four dosages of medetomidine (50, 100, 150, and 200 microg/kg of body weight) intravenously, and cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory, sedative, and analgesic effects were determined. All four doses of medetomidine induced a similar and significant decrease in mean arterial pressure, as well as a transient but significant increase in respiratory rate followed by a longer-lasting significant decrease. Bradycardia, hypotension, and loss of thermoregulatory ability accompanied by a biphasic respiratory response and inconsistent sedation, analgesia, and muscular relaxation were observed. Heart rate decrease was rapid for all doses, but was significantly lower and of shorter duration after administration of the 50 microg/kg dosage. The inconsistency of the anesthetic plane induced by intravenous administration of medetomidine precludes it from being used alone to sedate rhesus macaques.
  Laboratory animal science 11/1999; 49(5):537-44.