Ideggyógyászati szemle

Publications in this journal

• Article: The presentation of a transient hyperintense lesion with legionnaires disease in a patient, is it a coincidance or an incidental finding?

  Eda Coban Kiliç, Selma Aksoy, Ahmet Riza Sahin, Nuray Uzun, Münevver Gökyigit
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Up to date the presentation of transient splenial lesions in corpus callosum were reported in diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) only in epileptic patients and patients under antiepileptic therapy. A 41 year old male with no previous medical history was admitted to our clinic with symptoms of pneumonia. The neurological exam revealed stupor, but when awake his speech and orientation were normal. There were no meningeal irritation signs, cranial nerves, piramidal and cerebellar functions were normal. He had moderate respiratory distress and had bilateral rales in lower lobes while oscultating. Laboratory tests revealed high liver function levels and high acute phase reactants. Arterial blood levels showed hypoxemia. A brain MRI showed a hypointensity in the splenium of corpus callosum on T1 weighted images. There was markedly increased signal in this region on diffusion weighted imaging and hypointense on ADC. The lesion was slightly hyperintense on T2 and FLAIR weighted images. A repeat brain MRI was done 30 days after the initial study and showed a complete resolution of the splenial lesion. Transient splenial lesions can be seen due to different mechanisms in different clinical settings. It should be noted that these lesions are mostly reversible. Unnecessary therapies and procedures should be avoided in these lesions.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):63-6.
• Article: Sturge-Weber syndrome: clinical and radiological correlates in 86 patients.

  András Fogarasi, Tobias Loddenkemper, Cecilia Mellado, Ingrid Tuxhorn, Georg Evers, Dean Sarco, Richard C Burgess, Péter Halász, Péter Barsis, Zsuzsanna Gyorsok, Csilla Gyimesi, Jeno Kóbor, Zsuzsanna Siegler, József Janszky, Rita Jakus, György Rásonyi, Alois Ebner, Friedrich G Woermann, Mustafa Sahin
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: To correlate the extent of the leptomeningeal angiomatosis with clinical features in Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS). The study group consisted of 86 consecutive patients aged two months to 56 (mean 7.9 +/- 10.3) years with SWS and epilepsy. Clinical and MRI data were analyzed. Based on the extent of leptomeningeal angiomatosis, patients were divided into two subgroups: 43 patients had hemispheric angiomatosis and atrophy, whereas, another 43 had focal involvement. Nine of the 43 hemispherial patients (10%) showed bilateral involvement: all of these bilateral cases demonstrated dominance in a single side with hemispheric leptomeningeal angiomatosis and contralateral focal extension. Hemispheric and focal subgroups were clinically different. Patients with hemispheric SWS were younger at the age of epilepsy onset (p < 0.001) and age at MRI examination (p < 0.05). Neither gender, lateralization, duration of epilepsy, appearance of secondarily generalized seizures, nor seizure frequency revealed a significant difference between subgroups. Bilateral involvement is frequent and occurs in cases with a hemisperic involvement on one side. The age of epilepsy onset is related to the extent of leptomeningeal angiomatosis. Patients with hemispheric form of SWS presented with earlier age of seizure onset. Focal pial angiomatoses do not tend to progress (a longer duration is not associated with more frequent hemispheric involvement). Other variables including seizure frequency and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures are not associated with the extent of angiomatosis.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):53-7.
• Article: Blood lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and hemorheological changes in autistic children.

  Aranka László, Zoltán Novák, Ilona Szollosi-Varga, Du Quai Hai, Agnes Vetró, Attila Kovács
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Early infantile autism is a severe form of childhood psychiatric disease with characteristic symptoms. Hyperserotoninaemia in 43.5%, lactic acidosis 43% and hyperpyruvataemia in 30% were biochemically demonstrated in autistic children. Our earlier results led to the postulation that a dissequilibrium in the blood redox is involved in infantile autism; the oxidative loading and the antioxidant defending enzyme system were investigated together with the hemorheological parameters in infantile autism. Malonyl-dialdehyde (MDA) endproduct of lipid peroxidation and activities of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (C-ase), glutathione peroxidase (GP-ase) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were biochemically determined from plasma and red blood cells. The antioxidant specificities were investigated in plasma and red blood cell haemolysate from 25 infantile autistic children. Significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) (2.89 vs. 1.32 U/mg protein, p < 0.01) and decreased glutathione peroxidase (0.620 vs. 0.910 U/mg protein, p < 0.01) levels as well as catalase (0.463 vs. 4.948 BU/mg protein, p < 0.001) activities were detected; while the plasma and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels did not change. The results of the investigated prooxidant and the antioxidant status provide evidence that there exists an oxidative stress in children with infantile autism. While investigating the hemorheological parameters of 25 infantile autistic patients, some characteristic pathological parameters were detected: the initial filtration rate (Fi) (0.72 vs. 0.75 p < 0.01) and the clogging rate (CR) (1.926 vs. 2.912, p < 0.01) values of red blood cells (RBC) decreased while the mean transit time (Tc) (8.93 vs. 7.39, p < 0.001) increased suggesting reduced RBC deformability.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):23-8.
• Article: Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion in children.

  Zoltán Liptai, Balázs Ivády, Péter Barsi, György Várallyay, Gábor Rudas, András Fogarasi
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Authors, most of them Japanese, have recently published an increasing number of articles on mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion. We report on two new white European patients and compare published data with our own observations. A 15-year-old girl developed headache, fever, dizziness, vomiting and nuchal rigidity over four days. CSF showed elevated protein and cell count, with the lowest serum Na being 131 mmol/L. MRI on day seven was normal, but she remained febrile, had cerebral edema and episodes of confusion. MRI on day 11 showed a small T2-hyperintense lesion with restricted diffusion in the callosal splenium. Adenoviral infection was proved, and the girl underwent a protracted course of recovery. MRI signal changes improved in six days and disappeared after four months. A 12.5-year-old girl developed headache, lethargy, drowsiness and vomiting. On day five she experienced right-sided numbness, weakness and inability to speak which lasted 12 hours. She was confused and disoriented. MRI disclosed a tiny area of increased T2-signal and restricted diffusion in the splenium. Serum Na was 133 mmol/L, CSF cell count and protein was markedly elevated, and enteroviral infection was detected. Echocardiography showed no changes predisposing to clot formation and no thrombophilia was found. Her symptoms resolved in a week and MRI was normal two months later. These two non-epileptic children increase the small number of white European patients with MERS reported so far. Both had hyponatremia and encephalitis and patient 2 had transient ischemic attack, possibly due to the cerebral edema also resulting in the splenial lesion.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):67-71.
• Article: [The significance of high-resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders].

  Erika Scheidl, Josef Böhm, Zsófia Farbaky, Róbert Debreczeni, Dániel Bereczki, Zsuzsanna Arányi
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: High resolution ultrasonography is an emerging technique for the investigation of peripheral nerves and is increasingly used worldwide in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders, however, until now it is not widespread in Hungary. According to the literature this method is especially useful in entrapment neuropathies, traumatic peripheral nerve injuries, tumors of the peripheral nerves and sonographically guided interventions. Ultrasonography allows precise morphological analysis and quantitative measurements of the nerves providing useful complementary information to electrodiagnostic data. In entrapment neuropathies ultrasound shows nerve swelling mainly proximal to the sites of compression and a focal change of echotexture. On longitudinal scan, an abrupt caliber change and spindle-like swelling of the compressed nerve segment can be seen. Evaluation of the anatomical background and visualisation of the postoperative and posttraumatic changes provide useful information for planning of the therapy. Ultrasound may be of significant help in localizing the pathological nerve segment when it is at an electrophysiologically inaccessible site or when substantial secondary axonal loss precludes precise electrophysiological localization and it might even show pathological changes when nerve conduction studies are normal. Contrary to electrophysiological investigation ultrasonography might discover neurotmesis in the akute phase of traumatic nerve injuries indicating the necessity of surgical intervention. We provide a summary of the main indications and further application areas of this method.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):4-13.
• Article: [Experiences with a self developed accelerometer].

  Csilla Vér, Gergely Hofgárt, Gábor Szima, Gábor Kovács, Zoltán Nyisztor, László Kardos, László Csiba
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: In neurology the objective evaluation of improvement of paresis on every-day practice. The aim of this study was to develope and test a small 3-d acceleration measuring device and validate its usefulness. We collected data from 17 mild and medium severity hemiparetic, bedridden acute ischaemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients and compared with data of 22 control subjects. The devices were attached to the paretic and non-paretic extremities and any movements (m/s2) and movement-durations were registered (24h). The data of movement-monitors were compared also with the changes of National Institute of Health Stroke Scale and European Stroke Scale. The electromiograph-sensor of polysomnograph has been used for validation. Mild differences could be found in the use of dominant and non-dominant upper extremities of control persons. The control persons used their upper extremities more frequently than the stroke patients. Our data showed significant correlation with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. Higher values on the scores were accompanied with less intensive use of extremities. We found a correlation between the consiousness level of patients and their activity of upper extremities. If the patients had severe consiousness disturbances they used significantly less their upper extremities. Our device sensitively detected the movement-differences between paretic and non-paretic extremities and can be used for quantitative evaluation of patient's neurological and consciousness status.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):29-34.
• Article: ASCO classification in clinical practice.

  Eylem Degirmenci, Cagdas Erdogan, Attila Oguzhanoglu, Levent Sinan Bir
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: ASCO (Atherosclerosis, Small vessel disease, Cardiac source, Other cause) is a new of classification of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. This classification categorizes the data of the patients according to all underlying diseases and allows the clinician to grade the severity of cause (Each of the four phenotypes can be graded 1, 2, or 3). It is suggested to use ASCO classification in large epidemiologic studies but this classification may be used in daily practice. In this study we aimed to analyze the clinical features of patients with ischemic stroke and to investigate results of ASCO classification of these patients and data of 35 patients with ischemic stroke is analyzed. Use of ASCO classification is discussed with the special example cases. Patients' etiology of stroke was classified according to ASCO as known, unknown, completely unknown and unclassifiable group. Percentile of the patients classified as "known" was 71.4% (n = 25), "unknown" was 17.1% (n = 6), "completely unknown" was 5.7% (n = 2) and "unclassifiable group" was 5.7% (n = 2). We think that the ASCO classification which is thought to be more useful in large epidemiologic studies may be used in clinical follow-up period of the stroke patients. Further studies, from different neurology centers and stroke units, are needed to expand our experiences about use of ASCO classification in clinical practice.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):58-62.
• Article: [Early Mental Test--developing a screening test for mild cognitive impairment].

  János Kálmán, Magdolna Pákáski, Ildikó Hoffmann, Gergely Drótos, Gyöngyi Darvas, Krisztina Boda, Tamás Bencsik, Alíz Gyimesi, Zsófia Gulyás, Magolna Bálint, Gréta Szatlóczki, Edina Papp
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogenous syndrome considered as a prodromal state of dementia with clinical importance in the early detection of Alzheimer's Disease. We are currently developing an MCI screening instrument, the Early Mental Test (EMT) suitable to the needs of primary care physicians. The present study describes the validation process of the 6.2 version of the test. Only subjects (n = 132, female 95, male 37) over the age of 55 (mean age 69.2 years (SD = 6.59)) scoring at least 20 points on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), mean education 11.17 years (SD = 3.86) were included in the study. The psychometric evaluation consisted of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) and the 6.2 version of EMT. The statistical analyses were carried out using the 17.00 version of SPSS statistical package. The optimalised cut-off point was found to be 3.45 points with corresponding 69% sensitivity, 69% specificity and 69% accuracy measures. The Cronbach-alpha, that describes the internal consistence of the test was 0.667, which is higher as compared with the same category in the case of the ADAS-Cog (0.446). A weak negative rank correlation was found between the total score of EMT 6.2 and the age of probands (rs = -0.25, p = 0.003). Similarly, only a weak correlation was found between the education levels and the total score of EMT 6.2 (rs = 0.31, p < 0.001). Two of the subtests, the repeated delayed short-time memory and the letter fluency test with a motorical distraction task had significantly better power to separate MCI and control groups than the other subtests of the EMT. The 6.2 version of EMT is a fast and simple detector of MCI with a similar sensitivity-specificity profile to the MMSE, but this version of the test definitely needs further development.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):43-52.
• Article: Intact short-term memory and impaired executive functions in obsessive compulsive disorder.

  Gyula Demeter, Mihály Racsmány, Katalin Csigó, András Harsányi, Attila Németh, László Döme
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Previous neuropsychological studies produced inconsistent results with tasks tapping short-term verbal and visual-spatial memory and executive functions in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of deficits in these cognitive domains. A further goal was to describe the distribution of patients in different impairment ranges for all functions, and clarify the relationship between symptom severity and cognitive impairments. Thirty patients with OCD (DSM-IV) and 30 healthy volunteers were compared using well-known neuropsychological tasks. We assessed short-term verbal memory with the Digit Span Forward and Digit Span Backward Tasks, short-term visual-spatial memory with the Corsi Block Tapping Task, while we measured the level of executive functions with the StroopTask and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Compared with a matched healthy control group, the performance of OCD patients was in the impaired range only in the two executive tasks. We find a significant positive correlations between the Y-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) total scores and the number of perseverative responses (r(28) = 0.409, p < 0.05) and perseverative errors (r(28) = 0.385, p < 0.05) in the WCST. Our results gave evidence that executive functions are impaired while short-term memory is intact in OCD. This is in line with neuropsychological model of OCD that the deficit of cognitive and behavioral inhibition are responsible for the main cognitive findings of this disorder, most prevalently the deficit in set shifting and prepotent response inhibition.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):35-41.
• Article: Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance: possible mechanisms and clinical relevance. Part II: Potential causes and laboratory tests.

  Dávid Vadász, László K Sztriha, Katalin Sas, László Vécsei
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Recent meta-analyses have indicated that patients with vascular disease demonstrated by laboratory tests to be aspirin or clopidogrel-resistant are at an increased risk of major vascular events. The suggested mechanisms of aspirin resistance include genetic polymorphism, alternative pathways of platelet activation, aspirin-insensitive thromboxane biosynthesis, drug interactions, or a low aspirin dose. Clopidogrel resistance is likely to develop as a result of a decreased bioavailability of the active metabolite, due to genetic variation or concomitant drug treatment. Additional work is required to improve and validate laboratory tests of platelet function, so that they may become useful tools for selection of the most appropriate antiplatelet therapy for an individual patient. Improvements in antiplatelet treatment strategies in the future should lead to a reduction in premature vascular events.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):15-22.
• Article: [In Process Citation].

  Zsigmond Tamás Kincses
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 01/2013; 66(1-2):14.
• Article: [Clinical experiences with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: three case studies].

  Gábor Géza Kovács
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):411-2.
• Article: Clinical experiences with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: three case studies.

  Anna Szucs, Péter Várallyay, Eva Osztie, Erzsébet Papp, András Sólyom, Lehel Finta, Dániel Varga, Gábor Barcs, András Holló, Anita Kamondi
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: The clinical picture, electroencephalographic, imaging and cerebrospinal fluid parameters as well as the molecular background of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been well explored. The diagnostic criteria, offering clinicians a fair chance to identify these patients in vivo, have recently been updated. However, the diagnosis is still a challenge in everyday neurological routine. We report on three of our Creutzfeldt-Jakob patients for calling attention to the classical and the recently defined features of the disease. We conclude that based on the rapidly progressing neuropsychiatric syndrome Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease may be suspected; follow-up EEG may reveal the typical (pseudo)-periodic pattern with progressive deterioration of the background activity. In addition, diffusion-weighted brain MRI imaging (DWI) has high diagnostic value. Detection of 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid supports the in vivo diagnosis.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):401-10.
• Article: [Practical informations about Qutenza patch].

  Gábor Kiss
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):417-9.
• Article: [Old and new generation anticonvulsive drugs].

  Mária Kerékgyártó
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):431-2.
• Article: [The role of immobilization stress and sertindole on the expression of APP, MAPK-1 and beta-actin genes in rat brain].

  János Kállmán, Magdolna Pákáski, Szabina Szucs, Sára Kálmán, Orsike Fazekas, Petra Santha, Gyula Szabó, Zoltán Janka, János Kálmán
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Stress, depending on its level and quality, may cause adaptive and maladaptive alterations in brain functioning. As one of its multiple effects, elevated blood cortisol levels decrease the synthesis of the neuroprotective BDNF, thus leading to hippocampal atrophy and synapse loss, and rendering it a possible cause for the Alzheimer's disease (AD) related neuropathological and cognitive changes. As a result of the stress response, intraneuronal alterations--also affecting the metabolism of beta-actin--can develop. These have a role in the regulation of memory formation (LTP), but in pathological conditions (AD) they could lead to the accumulation of Hirano bodies (actin-cofilin rods). According to the dementia treatment guidelines, the behavioural and psychological symptoms of AD can be treated with certain antipsychotics. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the effects of sertindole (currently not used in the standard management of AD) on the transcription of some AD associated genes (amyloid precursor protein [APP], mitogen activated protein kinase-1 [MAPK-1], beta-actin) in the brain of rats exposed to chronic immobilization stress (CIS). Male Wistar rats were exposed to CIS for three weeks. The four groups were: control (n = 16), CIS (n = 10), 10 mg/kg sertindole (n = 5) and 10 mg/kg sertindole + CIS (n = 4). Following transcardial perfusion, the relative levels of hippocampal and cortical mRNA of the previously mentioned genes were measured with real-time PCR. CIS induced hippocampal beta-actin (p < 0.01), MAPK-1 and APP (p < 0.05) mRNA overexpression. The simultaneous administration of sertindole suppressed this increase in beta-actin, MAPK-1 and APP expression (p < 0.05). Ours is the first report about CIS induced beta-actin gene overexpression. This finding, in accordance with the similar results in APP and MAPK-1 expression, underlines the significance of cytoskeletal alterations in AD pathogenesis. The gene expression reducing effect of sertindole suggests that antipsychotic drugs may have a neuroprotective effect.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):394-400.
• Article: [Rivaroxaban in prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation].

  Gábor Simonyi, Mihály Medvegy
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is well established risk factor for cardioembolic stroke. With thromboprophylatic treatment we can reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AF. Oral vitamin K antagonists (VKA) such as warfarin and acenocoumarol are effective for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. VKAs are associated with several limitations including very narrow therapeutic range, several factors (diet, drugs, alcohol consumption) affecting the effect of VKA and excessive bleeding may occur if INR value not controlled successfully. New oral anticoagulant direct Xa factor inhibitor rivaroxaban has a good therapeutic efficacy in prevention (primary and secondary) of stroke in AF patients. Its advantages are including no need for monitoring, fixed oral dose, not affected by meal, age and body weight, all of them can improve patient adherence. In ROCKET AF trial in patients with AF, rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin for the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism. There was no significant between-group difference in the risk of major bleeding, although intracranial and fatal bleeding occurred less frequently in the rivaroxaban group.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):365-8.
• Article: [New, effective immunomodulatory drug in treatment of multiple sclerosis: the fingolimode].

  Sámuel Komoly
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):421-2.
• Article: [Clinical significance of the cardiovascular effects of fingolimod treatment in multiple sclerosis].

  Gábor Széplaki, Béla Merkely
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulator, which is effective in the treatment of severe relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis. Once daily oral use of fingolimod decreased the annualized relapse rate, inflammatory brain lesion activity and the rate of brain atrophy compared both to placebo and intramuscular administered interferon beta-1a. The drug targets the cardiovascular system as well via sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors. After initiation of fingolimod therapy transient sinus bradycardia and slowing of the atrioventricular conduction develops. The onset of the effect is as early as 1 hour post administration, while heart rate and conduction normalized in 24 hours in most of the cases. According to the clinical trials symptomatic bradycardia developed in 0.5% of the cases, responding to the appropriate therapy. The incidence of Mobitz I type II atrioventricular blocks and blocks with 2:1 atrioventricular conduction was 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. All of these cardiovascular events showed regression during observation and no higher degree atrioventricular blocks were detected at the approved therapeutic dose. Following the first dose effect, fingolimod had a moderate hypertensive effect on long-term. For the safety of fingolimod treatment detailed cardiovascular risk stratification of all patients, adequate patient monitoring after the first dose and competency in treating the possible side effects is necessary. In patients with increased cardiovascular risks, treatment should be considered only if anticipated benefits outweigh potential risks and extended monitoring is required.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):369-76.
• Article: [Vinpocetin in neurological diseases].

  László Szapáry, Gábor Késmárky, Kálmán Tóth, Melinda Misnyovszky, Tamás Tóth, Adám Balogh, Krisztián Nagy, György Németh, Gergely Fehér
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide (following cardiovascular and cancer mortality) and associated with serious disability for the vast majority of patients. There is no salvage therapy for irreversibly damaged brain areas, improving the circulation of the surrounding hypoperfused territories may be associated with benefitial clinical states. Cerebral hypoperfusion may play a role in the pathogenesis of other kind of neurological diseases, improvement of global circulation may have a preventive effect on these conditions. The aim of our study was to review the experimental and clinical articles focusing on the role of vinpocetin in different neurological conditions. Vinpocetin appears to have several different mechanisms of action that allow for its antiinflammatory, antioxidant, vasodilating, antiepileptic and neuroprotective activities in experimental conditions. On the other hand, several meta-analysis of the existing studies in acute stroke examining short and long term fatality rates with vinpocetin was unable to assess efficacy. In chronic cerebrovascular patients, vinpocetin improves impaired hemorheological variables, has significant vasodilating properties, improves endothelial dysfunction, neuroimaging studies showed selective increase in cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate, all of which are potentially beneficial in cerebrovascular disease and may improve cognitive functions. Based on the above mentioned results vinpocetin plays an important role both in basic research and in clinical management of different neurological diseases.
  Ideggyógyászati szemle 11/2012; 65(11-12):387-93.